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A mandrake is the root of a plant, historically derived either from plants of the genus Mandragora (in the family Solanaceae) found in the Mediterranean region, or from other species, such as Bryonia alba (the English mandrake, in the family Cucurbitaceae) or the American mandrake (Podophyllum peltatum in the family Berberidaceae) which have similar properties.
Mandragora officinarum is the type species of the plant genus Mandragora in the nightshade family Solanaceae. [2] It is often known as mandrake, although this name is also used for other plants. As of 2015, sources differed significantly in the species they use for Mandragora plants native to the Mediterranean region.
Mandragora is a plant genus belonging to the nightshade family ().Members of the genus are known as mandrakes.Between three and five species are placed in the genus. The one or two species found around the Mediterranean constitute the mandrake of ancient writers such as Dioscorides.
Mandragora caulescens, the Himalayan mandrake, [3] is a perennial herbaceous plant in the family Solanaceae, native to the Himalayas and mountainous regions of Myanmar and south-west China. One of the differences from the other species of Mandragora is that it has a stem, whereas they are stemless.
Podophyllum peltatum is an herbaceous perennial plant in the family Berberidaceae.Its common names are mayapple, American mandrake, wild mandrake, [4] and ground lemon. [5] It is widespread across most of the eastern United States and southeastern Canada.
In 1753, in the first edition of Species Plantarum, Carl Linnaeus described a single species, Mandragora officinarum, for plants found around the Mediterranean. [8] [9] Jackson and Berry (1979) [10] and Ungricht et al. (1998) [4] have documented the subsequent confusion over the number of Mediterranean species of Mandragora and their scientific names.
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Brugmansia sanguinea. Brugmansia are large shrubs or small trees, with semi-woody, often many-branched trunks. They can reach heights of 3–11 m (10–36 ft). The leaves are alternately arranged along the stems, generally large, 10–30 cm (4–12 in) long and 4–18 cm (2–7 in) across, with an entire or coarsely toothed margin, and are often covered with fine hairs.