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Cerebral vasospasm is the prolonged, intense vasoconstriction of the larger conducting arteries in the subarachnoid space which is initially surrounded by a clot.Significant narrowing of the blood vessels in the brain develops gradually over the first few days after the aneurysmal rupture.
Cerebral atherosclerosis is a type of atherosclerosis where build-up of plaque in the blood vessels of the brain occurs. Some of the main components of the plaques are connective tissue, extracellular matrix, including collagen, proteoglycans, fibronectin, and elastic fibers; crystalline cholesterol, cholesteryl esters, and phospholipids; cells such as monocyte derived macrophages, T ...
One of the principal causes of arterial stiffening with age is vascular calcification. Vascular calcification is the deposition of mineral in the form of calcium phosphate salts in the smooth muscle-rich medial layer of large arteries including the aorta. DNA damage, especially oxidative DNA damage, causes accelerated vascular calcification. [11]
“[A coronary calcium scan] is a low-dose, low-cost, CT scan of the chest that allows us to quantify the amount of calcium in the arteries that feed the heart muscle,” Dr. Postalian says ...
Arteries constantly expand and contract with each heartbeat, i.e., the pulse. In addition, the calcification deposits between the outer portion of the atheroma and the muscular wall, as they progress, lead to a loss of elasticity and stiffening of the artery as a whole. [citation needed]
The Ellsworth Howard test (a 10–20 fold increase of urinary cyclic AMP excretion following stimulation with 200 micromoles of parathyroid hormone) may be worth doing also. [citation needed] Serology for toxoplasmosis is also indicated. Brain CT scan is the preferred method of localizing and assessing the extent of cerebral calcifications.
Milk-alkali syndrome (MAS), also referred to as calcium-alkali syndrome, is the third most common cause of elevated blood calcium levels (hypercalcemia). [2] [3] Milk-alkali syndrome is characterized by hypercalcemia, metabolic alkalosis, and acute kidney injury.
[9] [10] fTCD has been used to study cerebral lateralization of major brain functions such as language, [11] [12] [13] face processing, [14] color processing, [15] and intelligence. [16] Moreover, most established neuroanatomical substrates for brain function are perfused by the major cerebral arteries that could be directly insonated.