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Nitrogen is a liquid under −195.8 °C (77.3 K).. In physics, cryogenics is the production and behaviour of materials at very low temperatures.. The 13th International Institute of Refrigeration's (IIR) International Congress of Refrigeration (held in Washington DC in 1971) endorsed a universal definition of "cryogenics" and "cryogenic" by accepting a threshold of 120 K (−153 °C) to ...
The arrangement was designed to get around the provisions of the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR). The space czars of the two countries, Aleksey Vasin, officer-in-charge of cryogenic technology in Glavkosmos, and ISRO Chairman U.R. Rao – reckoned that if Russian cryogenic technology was passed on to ISRO via KELTEC, technically it ...
In 1990, the company acquired the industrial infrared imaging group of Hughes Aircraft Company. [12] In June 1993, the company became a public company via an initial public offering, raising $12 million. [13] [14] In January 1998, the company acquired Agema Infrared System of Sweden for approximately $80 million. [15] [16]
MIRACL, or Mid-Infrared Advanced Chemical Laser, is a directed energy weapon developed by the US Navy. It is a deuterium fluoride laser, a type of chemical laser. The MIRACL laser first became operational in 1980. [1] It can produce over a megawatt of output for up to 70 seconds, [2] making it the most powerful continuous wave (CW) laser in the US.
The infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum is usually divided into three regions; the near-, mid- and far-infrared, named for their relation to the visible spectrum. The higher-energy near-IR, approximately 14,000–4,000 cm −1 (0.7–2.5 μm wavelength) can excite overtone or combination modes of molecular vibrations.
Forward-looking infrared (FLIR) cameras, typically used on military and civilian aircraft, use a thermographic camera that senses infrared radiation. [ 1 ] The sensors installed in forward-looking infrared cameras, as well as those of other thermal imaging cameras, use detection of infrared radiation, typically emitted from a heat source ...
These cryogenic temperatures vary depending on the propellant, with liquid oxygen existing below −183 °C (−297.4 °F; 90.1 K) and liquid hydrogen below −253 °C (−423.4 °F; 20.1 K). Since one or more of the propellants is in the liquid phase, all cryogenic rocket engines are by definition liquid-propellant rocket engines. [2]
Short-wavelength infrared SWIR, IR-B DIN: 1.4–3 μm 100–214 THz 413–886 meV 2,070–966 K (1,797–693 °C) Water absorption increases significantly at 1,450 nm. The 1,530 to 1,560 nm range is the dominant spectral region for long-distance telecommunications (see transmission windows). Mid-wavelength infrared MWIR, IR-C DIN; MidIR. [22]