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Also called air–fuel ratio gauge, air–fuel meter, or air–fuel gauge, it reads the voltage output of an oxygen sensor, sometimes also called AFR sensor or lambda sensor. The original narrow-band oxygen sensors became factory installed standard in the late 1970s and early 1980s.
An oxygen sensor (or lambda sensor, where lambda refers to air–fuel equivalence ratio, usually denoted by λ) or probe or sond, is an electronic device that measures the proportion of oxygen (O 2) in the gas or liquid being analyzed. [1] It was developed by Robert Bosch GmbH during the late 1960s under the supervision of Günter Bauman. [1]
Lean-burn refers to the burning of fuel with an excess of air in an internal combustion engine. In lean-burn engines the air–fuel ratio may be as lean as 65:1 (by mass). The air / fuel ratio needed to stoichiometrically combust gasoline, by contrast, is 14.64:1. The excess of air in a lean-burn engine emits far less hydrocarbons.
Mixing ratio = weight of fuel / weight of air - Expressed as mass ratio: 14.7 kg of air per 1 kg. of fuel. - Expressed as volume ratio: 10,000 liters of air per 1 liter of fuel. With this relationship theoretically a complete combustion of gasoline is achieved and greenhouse gas emissions would be minimal. The coefficient is defined as Lambda ...
AB: Air-Fuel Equivalence Ratio CD: Current 36: 54: 4 Oxygen Sensor 3 AB: Air-Fuel Equivalence Ratio CD: Current 37: 55: 4 Oxygen Sensor 4 AB: Air-Fuel Equivalence Ratio CD: Current 38: 56: 4 Oxygen Sensor 5 AB: Air-Fuel Equivalence Ratio CD: Current 39: 57: 4 Oxygen Sensor 6 AB: Air-Fuel Equivalence Ratio
It is possible to calculate the MBT of an engine by taking into account all of the operating conditions of an engine through its sensors. Operating conditions are defined by these engine parameters: lambda (air/fuel ratio), engine load, internal exhaust gas recirculation, engine speed, and spark advance.
Dimensionless numbers (or characteristic numbers) have an important role in analyzing the behavior of fluids and their flow as well as in other transport phenomena. [1] They include the Reynolds and the Mach numbers, which describe as ratios the relative magnitude of fluid and physical system characteristics, such as density, viscosity, speed of sound, and flow speed.
Gasoline engines can run at stoichiometric air-to-fuel ratio, because gasoline is quite volatile and is mixed (sprayed or carburetted) with the air prior to ignition. Diesel engines, in contrast, run lean, with more air available than simple stoichiometry would require. Diesel fuel is less volatile and is effectively burned as it is injected. [16]