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Abdominal muscles cover the anterior and lateral abdominal region and meet at the anterior midline. These muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall can be divided into four groups: the external obliques , the internal obliques , the transversus abdominis , and the rectus abdominis .
In anatomy, the abdominal wall represents the boundaries of the abdominal cavity.The abdominal wall is split into the anterolateral and posterior walls. [1]There is a common set of layers covering and forming all the walls: the deepest being the visceral peritoneum, which covers many of the abdominal organs (most of the large and small intestines, for example), and the parietal peritoneum ...
The transverse abdominal muscle (TVA), also known as the transverse abdominis, transversalis muscle and transversus abdominis muscle, is a muscle layer of the anterior and lateral (front and side) abdominal wall, deep to (layered below) the internal oblique muscle.
The transversalis fascia (or transverse fascia) is the fascial lining of the anterolateral abdominal wall [1] [2] situated between the inner surface of the transverse abdominal muscle, and the preperitoneal fascia. [3] [2] It is directly continuous with the iliac fascia, [2] the internal spermatic fascia, [citation needed] and pelvic fascia. [2]
In medicine, Carnett's sign is a finding on clinical examination in which abdominal pain remains unchanged or increases when the muscles of the abdominal wall are tensed. [1] [2] For this part of the abdominal examination, the patient can be asked to lift the head and shoulders from the examination table to tense the abdominal muscles.
The superior lumbar (Grynfeltt-Lesshaft) triangle is formed medially by the quadratus lumborum, laterally by the posterior border of internal abdominal oblique muscle, and superiorly by the 12th rib. The floor of the superior lumbar triangle is the transversalis fascia and its roof is the external abdominal oblique muscle.
The external oblique functions to pull the chest downwards and compress the abdominal cavity, which increases the intra-abdominal pressure as in a Valsalva maneuver.It also performs ipsilateral (same side) side-bending and contralateral (opposite side) rotation: the right external oblique would side-bend to the right and rotate to the left, and vice versa.
It needs to be distinguished from the lateral border of the rectus abdominis muscle sheath which is often wrongly described as semilunar line. The lateral border of the rectus sheath is part of the recently described EIT ambivium to more precisely describe this important part of the anterior abdominal wall. [1]