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A physical symbol system (also called a formal system) takes physical patterns (symbols), combining them into structures (expressions) and manipulating them (using processes) to produce new expressions. The physical symbol system hypothesis (PSSH) is a position in the philosophy of artificial intelligence formulated by Allen Newell and Herbert ...
"The mind can be viewed as a device operating on bits of information according to formal rules. — Dreyfus (1979 , p. 157) Haugeland's description of GOFAI refers to symbol manipulation governed by a set of instructions for manipulating the symbols.
However, the representational theory of mind shifts the focus to the symbols being manipulated. This approach better accounts for systematicity and productivity. [5] In Fodor's original views, the computational theory of mind is also related to the language of thought. The language of thought theory allows the mind to process more complex ...
The semiotic manipulation of signs is the essential characteristic ("Propaganda is a major form of manipulation by symbols" ). [5] Thus, propaganda is a special form of communication, which is studied in communication research, and especially in media impact research, focusing on media manipulation. [6]
Even if he internalized all the rules and performed the operations in his mind, he would still be manipulating symbols without understanding their meaning, according to Searle. Some critics consider that this symbol-manipulating subsystem of the brain can be viewed as a kind of separate, virtual mind, which would understand Chinese. [23]
A mental representation (or cognitive representation), in philosophy of mind, cognitive psychology, neuroscience, and cognitive science, is a hypothetical internal cognitive symbol that represents external reality or its abstractions.
Fodor defends LOTH by arguing that a connectionist model is just some realization or implementation of the classical computational theory of mind and therein necessarily employs a symbol-manipulating LOT. Fodor and Zenon Pylyshyn use the notion of cognitive architecture in their defense. Cognitive architecture is the set of basic functions of ...
This is logically possible, as it is well known that connectionist models can implement symbol-manipulation systems of the kind used in computationalist models, [42] as indeed they must be able if they are to explain the human ability to perform symbol-manipulation tasks. Several cognitive models combining both symbol-manipulative and ...