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Britannica and various authors noted that the policies of Vladimir Lenin, the first leader of the Soviet Union, contributed to the establishment of a totalitarian system in the USSR, [3] [7] but while some authors, such as Leszek Kolakowski, believed Stalinist totalitarianism to be a continuation of Leninism [7] and directly called Lenin's ...
The Low Countries: Zhu Youlang (Yongli Emperor) Emperor of the Southern Ming: Southern Ming: 1661–1662† Burma: Govinda Manikya: Maharaja of Tripura: Twipra Kingdom: 1661–1667 Chittagong Hill Tracts Kingdom of Mrauk U: James II and VII: King of England and Ireland King of Scotland England Scotland Ireland: 1688–1701† France: Chakdor ...
The countries of Central Asia did not liberalize after the fall of the Soviet Union, instead forming as dictatorships led by former elites of the Communist Party and then later by successive dictators. These countries maintain parliaments and human rights organizations, but these remain under the control of the countries' respective dictators ...
Barcelona Centre for International Affairs (in Spanish) —contextualised biographies of world political leaders; EmilePhaneuf—an archived, partial list of official websites for heads of state; Portale Storia (in Italian) —a list of current rulers by country; Rulers—a list of rulers throughout time and places
20th-century leaders typically described as dictators, from left to right and top to bottom, include Joseph Stalin, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union; Adolf Hitler, Führer of Nazi Germany; Augusto Pinochet, President of Chile; Mao Zedong, Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party; Benito Mussolini, Duce and Prime Minister of Italy; and Kim Il Sung, Supreme Leader of ...
Germany’s current government is made up of a centre-left coalition of parties that led to Angela Merkel stepping down in late 2021 after 16 years at the helm of Europe’s largest economy.
Democracies and dictatorships in 2008 [1] Democracies and dictatorships in 1988 [1]. Democracy-Dictatorship (DD), [1] index of democracy and dictatorship [2] or simply the DD index [3] or the DD datasets was the binary measure of democracy and dictatorship first proposed by Adam Przeworski et al. (2010), and further developed and maintained by Cheibub, Gandhi, and Vreeland (2009). [4]
After World War II, many governments in Latin America, Asia, and Africa were ruled by autocratic governments. Examples of dictators include Joseph Stalin, Mao Zedong, Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini and the Kim dynasty of North Korea founded by Kim Il Sung. Military dictatorship: A dictatorship primarily enforced by the military.