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Sea ice freeboard is the difference between the height of the surface of sea ice and the water in open leads. Since 85–95% of snow-free sea ice is usually located below the waterline, the computation of the thickness is fairly simple; [3] however, accurate measurement of ice freeboard is hindered by several factors including snow cover, and ...
Sea-ice density is a significant source of errors in sea-ice thickness retrieval using radar and laser satellite altimetry, resulting in uncertainties of 0.3–0.4 m. [ 21 ] Monitoring and observations
PIOMAS blends satellite-observed sea ice concentrations into model calculations to estimate sea ice thickness and volume. Comparison with submarine, mooring, and satellite observations help increase the confidence of the model results. [29] ICESat was a laser altimeter equipped satellite, which could measure the freeboard of ice flows.
This visual shows the Arctic sea ice change and the corresponding absorbed solar radiation change during June, July, and August from 2000 through 2014. The Arctic ice pack is the sea ice cover of the Arctic Ocean and its vicinity. The Arctic ice pack undergoes a regular seasonal cycle in which ice melts in spring and summer, reaches a minimum ...
Arctic Sea ice maximum is the day of a year when Arctic sea ice ... A 2018 study of the thickness of sea ice found a decrease of 66% or 2.0 m over the last six ...
NASA’s ICESat-2. launched in 2018 and carries an instrument that allows scientists to measure the elevation of ice sheets, glaciers, and sea ... Changes in the thickness of the Greenland Ice ...
On Dec. 21, 2024, the Antarctic sea ice extent was higher than on Dec. 21, 2016, but the Arctic sea ice extent was lower on that date in 2024 compared to 2016, according to government data.
[2] [3] Consequently, most Antarctic sea ice is first year ice, a few meters thick, but the exact thickness is not known. The area of 18 million km^2 of ice is 18 trillion square meters, so for each meter of thickness, given that the density of ice is about 0.88 teratonnes/million km^3, the mass of the top meter of Antarctic sea ice is roughly ...