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Waste water reuse is an ancient practice connected to the development of sanitation provision. [9] Reuse of untreated municipal wastewater has been practiced for many centuries with the objective of diverting human waste outside of urban settlements. Likewise, land application of domestic wastewater is an old and common practice, which has gone ...
Water is not scarce in Germany, except for occasional localized droughts. Public water utilities extract only 3 percent of total renewable water resources in Germany, or 5.4 billion cubic metres out of 182 billion cubic metres annually. [7] Bank filtration plant in Mainz, Germany. Extraction well on small hill visible in foreground.
Constructed wetland systems are highly controlled environments that intend to mimic the occurrences of soil, flora, and microorganisms in natural wetlands to aid in treating wastewater. They are constructed with flow regimes, micro-biotic composition, and suitable plants in order to produce the most efficient treatment process.
Eastern Europe still copes with much lower rates of 40%–65% of the population connected to primary wastewater treatment at least. [19] Europe in general is improving: Over the last decade more households accessed public treatment plants or even upgraded their treatment system (e.g. from secondary to tertiary treatment). [20]
A mechanised waste water plant opened in 1905 and five purification plants now filter the water before releasing it into the Rhine. [1] [3] By 1933 the length of the system measured 735 kilometres (457 mi), [3] and by 2011 it had expanded to 2,400 kilometres (1,500 mi). [4]
The term sewage treatment plant (STP) (or sewage treatment works) is nowadays often replaced with the term wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). [7] [8] Strictly speaking, the latter is a broader term that can also refer to industrial wastewater treatment. The terms water recycling center or water reclamation plants are also in use as synonyms.
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An example of a wastewater treatment system. Sanitary engineering, also known as public health engineering or wastewater engineering, is the application of engineering methods to improve sanitation of human communities, primarily by providing the removal and disposal of human waste, and in addition to the supply of safe potable water.