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A transistor computer, now often called a second-generation computer, [1] is a computer which uses discrete transistors instead of vacuum tubes. The first generation of electronic computers used vacuum tubes, which generated large amounts of heat, were bulky and unreliable.
TRADIC. This is a list of transistorized computers, which were digital computers that used discrete transistors as their primary logic elements. Discrete transistors were a feature of logic design for computers from about 1960, when reliable transistors became economically available, until monolithic integrated circuits displaced them in the 1970s.
The bipolar junction transistor, the first type of transistor to be mass-produced, is a combination of two junction diodes and is formed of either a thin layer of p-type semiconductor sandwiched between two n-type semiconductors (an n–p–n transistor), or a thin layer of n-type semiconductor sandwiched between two p-type semiconductors (a p ...
The first transistor hi-fi system was developed by engineers at GE and demonstrated at the University of Philadelphia in 1955. [9] In terms of commercial production, The Fisher TR-1 was the first "all transistor" preamplifier, which became available mid-1956. [10] In 1961, a company named Transis-tronics released a solid-state amplifier, the ...
Very-large-scale integration (VLSI) is the process of creating an integrated circuit (IC) by combining millions or billions of MOS transistors onto a single chip. VLSI began in the 1970s when MOS integrated circuit (metal oxide semiconductor) chips were developed and then widely adopted, enabling complex semiconductor and telecommunications technologies.
Harwell CADET Computer. The Harwell CADET was the first fully transistorised computer in Europe, and may have been the first fully transistorised computer in the world.. The electronics division of the Atomic Energy Research Establishment at Harwell, UK built the Harwell Dekatron Computer in 1951, [1] which was an automatic calculator where the decimal arithmetic and memory were electronic ...
Samsung announced that it had begun mass production of multi-level cell (MLC) flash memory chips using a 10 nm process in 2013. [120] On 17 October 2016, Samsung Electronics announced mass production of SoC chips at 10 nm. [121] TSMC began commercial production of 10 nm chips in early 2016, before moving onto mass production in early 2017. [122]
The computer employed germanium transistors which by this time were sufficiently reliable in room temperatures kept below about 23 degrees C. [3] The type S3301 was a 500 kHz clocked, 20-bit word machine with two Mullard core memory stores providing 4k of 20-bit data. The internal CPU logic was synchronised to even and odd clock signals and ...