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It also shows a normal thyroid in normal position in the lower neck. c Image taken 20 minutes after 5 mCi injected Tc99m-Pertechnetate shows normal thyroid uptake of tracer and physiological uptake in the salivary glands (short black arrow). There is a distinct focus of abnormal tracer accumulation in the left parotid/submandibular region.
A goitre, or goiter, is a swelling in the neck resulting from an enlarged thyroid gland. [1] [2] A goitre can be associated with a thyroid that is not functioning properly. Worldwide, over 90% of goitre cases are caused by iodine deficiency. [3] The term is from the Latin gutturia, meaning throat.
During embryonic development, the thyroid gland is being formed, beginning at the base of the tongue and moving towards the neck canal, known as the thyroglossal duct. Once the thyroid reaches its final position in the neck, the duct normally disappears. In some individuals, portions of the duct remain behind, leaving small pockets, known as cysts.
Enlarged goitres may extend beyond the normal position of the thyroid gland to below the sternum, around the airway or esophagus. [61] Goitres may be associated with hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism, relating to the underlying cause of the goitre. [61] Thyroid function tests may be done to investigate the cause and effects of the goitre.
A possible explanation for the mental symptoms of sub-clinical thyroid disease, might be found in the fact that the brain has among the highest expression of THR's [clarification needed], and that neurons are often more sensitive than other tissues to thyroid abnormalities, including sub-clinical hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis.
Measurement of thyroid stimulating hormone and anti-thyroid antibodies will help decide if there is a functional thyroid disease such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis present, a known cause of a benign nodular goitre. [4] Fine needle biopsy for cytopathology is also used. [5] [6] [7] Thyroid nodules are extremely common in young adults and children.
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Illustration depicting enlarged thyroid that may be associated with hyperthyroidism. In Graves' disease, ophthalmopathy may cause the eyes to look enlarged because the eye muscles swell and push the eye forward. Sometimes, one or both eyes may bulge. Some have swelling of the front of the neck from an enlarged thyroid gland (a goiter). [19]