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Psychological egoism is the view that humans are always motivated by self-interest and selfishness, even in what seem to be acts of altruism.It claims that, when people choose to help others, they do so ultimately because of the personal benefits that they themselves expect to obtain, directly or indirectly, from doing so.
Adam Smith with the concept of the invisible hand saw the economic system as usefully channelling selfish self-interest to wider ends. [9] John Locke, along with Adam Smith, was a key figure in early classical liberalism: [10] an ideology that champions notions of individualism and negative liberty. These core themes inevitably relate to the ...
The 'good' side of our nature is much more deep-rooted than the 'evil' side.
One strategy by which ‘selfish genes’ may increase their future representation is by causing humans to be non-selfish, in the psychological sense." [9] This is a central topic within contemporary discourse of psychological egoism. [2] Philosophies of personal identity such as open individualism have implications for egoism and altruism.
Machery argues that while the idea that humans have an "essence" is a very old idea, the idea that all humans have a unified human nature is relatively modern; for a long time, people thought of humans as "us versus them" and thus did not think of human beings as a unified kind.
Legalism is a Chinese political philosophy that holds that self-interest underlies human nature and therefore human behavior. [1] It is axiomatic in Legalism that a government can not truly be staffed by upright and trustworthy men of service, because every member of the elite—like any member of society—will pursue their own interests and thus must be employed for their interests. [2]
Freud's structural model, referring to his rider parable: The human head symbolizes the ego, the animal the id. Dualistic in an analogue way, the libidinal energy branch out from the id into two main areas: the mental urge to know and the bodily urge to act. Both are bundled into actions in the ego with aim of satisfying the id's needs.
A method of ethics is "any rational procedure by which we determine what individual human beings 'ought'—or what it is 'right' for them—to do, or seek to realize by voluntary action". [10] Sidgwick considers three such procedures, namely, rational egoism, dogmatic intuitionism, and utilitarianism. Rational egoism is the view that, if ...