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Addition of Cl 2 destroys the aromaticity of the benzene ring, and the addition of two more Cl 2 molecules is rapid compared to the first. Hence, only thrice-dichlorinated product can be isolated from this reaction. Radical addition: C 6 H 6 + 3Cl 2 → C 6 H 6 Cl 6. Hexachlorocyclohexane isomers with more than one chlorine atom per carbon are:
Benzotrichloride (BTC), also known as α,α,α-trichlorotoluene, phenyl chloroform or (trichloromethyl)benzene, is an organic compound with the formula C 6 H 5 CCl 3. Benzotrichloride is an unstable, colorless or somewhat yellowish, viscous, chlorinated hydrocarbon with a penetrating odor.
A few types of aromatic compounds, such as phenol, will react without a catalyst, but for typical benzene derivatives with less reactive substrates, a Lewis acid is required as a catalyst. Typical Lewis acid catalysts include AlCl 3, FeCl 3, FeBr 3 and ZnCl 2. These work by forming a highly electrophilic complex which is attacked by the benzene ...
This is accomplished by the Gattermann-Koch reaction, accomplished by treating benzene with carbon monoxide and hydrogen chloride under high pressure, catalyzed by a mixture of aluminium chloride and cuprous chloride. Simple ketones that could be obtained by Friedel–Crafts acylation are produced by alternative methods, e.g., oxidation, in ...
Alkylbenzenes are derivatives of benzene, in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by alkyl groups. The simplest member, toluene (or methylbenzene), has the hydrogen atom of the benzene ring replaced by a methyl group. The chemical formula of alkylbenzenes is C n H 2n-6. [2] Safety hazards of toluene.
Benzal chloride is produced by the free radical chlorination of toluene, being preceded in the process by benzyl chloride (C 6 H 5 CH 2 Cl) and followed by benzotrichloride (C 6 H 5 CCl 3): C 6 H 5 CH 3 + Cl 2 → C 6 H 5 CH 2 Cl + HCl C 6 H 5 CH 2 Cl + Cl 2 → C 6 H 5 CHCl 2 + HCl C 6 H 5 CHCl 2 + Cl 2 → C 6 H 5 CCl 3 + HCl
Compared to benzene, the rate of electrophilic substitution on pyridine is much slower, due to the higher electronegativity of the nitrogen atom. Additionally, the nitrogen in pyridine easily gets a positive charge either by protonation (from nitration or sulfonation ) or Lewis acids (such as AlCl 3 ) used to catalyze the reaction.
It fumes in moist air and hisses when mixed with liquid water as the Cl − ligands are displaced with H 2 O molecules to form the hexahydrate [Al(H 2 O) 6]Cl 3. The anhydrous phase cannot be regained on heating the hexahydrate. Instead HCl is lost leaving aluminium hydroxide or alumina (aluminium oxide): [Al(H 2 O) 6]Cl 3 → Al(OH) 3 + 3 HCl ...