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The trade was changed by the Crusades and later the European Age of Discovery, [4] during which the spice trade, particularly in black pepper, became an influential activity for European traders. [5] From the 11th to the 15th centuries, the Italian maritime republics of Venice and Genoa monopolized the trade between Europe and Asia. [ 6 ]
The trade with Arabia and India in incense and spices became increasingly important, and Greeks for the first time began to trade directly with India. The discovery, or rediscovery, of the sea-route to India is attributed to a certain Eudoxos, who was sent out for this purpose towards the end of the reign of Ptolemy Euergetes II (died 116 BC ...
Venetian might reached its peak during the 15th century when the city-state monopolized the spice trade from India, through the Arab lands, using exclusive trade agreements. This prompted the Spanish and the Portuguese to embark on the search for the new route to India, leading to the discovery of the Americas and the start of the modern age.
The retrieved spices included ginger, black pepper, clove and saffron — which still retained a “distinctive aroma” after 527 years underwater, researchers said.
Kozhikode was dubbed the "City of Spices" for its role as the major trading point of eastern spices [2] during the Middle Ages and probably as early as Classical antiquity. The port at Kozhikode held the superior economic and political position in medieval Kerala coast, while Kannur, Kollam , and Kochi , were commercially important secondary ...
For example, documentary evidence indicates that many spices in regular use during the early Middle Ages completely disappeared from European tables in the 10th century. Jews had previously, in large parts of Western Europe, enjoyed a virtual monopoly on the spice trade.
The silk and spice trade, involving spices, incense, herbs, drugs and opium, made these Mediterranean city-states phenomenally rich. Spices were among the most expensive and demanded products of the Middle Ages, as they were used in medieval medicine, [76] religious rituals, cosmetics, perfumery, as well as food additives and preservatives. [77]
Revellers would share a bowl of drink, warmed cider, ale or wine mixed with spices, honey and eggs, said Mr Townsley. Follow BBC Nottingham on Facebook , on X , or on Instagram .