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Acetanilide can be produced by reacting acetic anhydride with aniline: [7]. C 6 H 5 NH 2 + (CH 3 CO) 2 O → C 6 H 5 NHCOCH 3 + CH 3 COOH. The preparation used to be a traditional experiment in introductory organic chemistry lab classes, [8] but it has now been widely replaced by the preparation of either paracetamol or aspirin, both of which teach the same practical techniques (especially ...
The precursor molecule, ready to be transferred to a protein, consists of two GlcNAc, nine mannose, and three glucose molecules. Step-by-step synthesis of the precursor oligosaccharide in the ER lumen during N-linked glycosylation: the diagram illustrates the steps occurring in both the Phase I and Phase II as described in the table.
OGTs and OG-ases play an important role in the structure of the cytoskeleton. In mammals, there is enrichment of OGT transcripts in the pancreas beta-cells , and UDP-GlcNAc is thought to be part of the glucose sensing mechanism.
In organic chemistry, nitration is a general class of chemical processes for the introduction of a nitro group (−NO 2) into an organic compound. The term also is applied incorrectly to the different process of forming nitrate esters ( −ONO 2 ) between alcohols and nitric acid (as occurs in the synthesis of nitroglycerin ).
Glycosylation also plays a role in cell-to-cell adhesion (a mechanism employed by cells of the immune system) via sugar-binding proteins called lectins, which recognize specific carbohydrate moieties. [2] Glycosylation is an important parameter in the optimization of many glycoprotein-based drugs such as monoclonal antibodies. [6]
O-GlcNAcylation is the process of adding a single N-acetylglucosamine sugar to the serine or threonine of a protein. [4] Comparable to phosphorylation, addition or removal of N-acetylglucosamine is a means of activating or deactivating enzymes or transcription factors. [4]
Whereas molecular weight (molar mass) for D-glucose monohydrate is 198.17 g/mol, [48] [49] that for anhydrous D-glucose is 180.16 g/mol [50] [51] [52] The density of these two forms of glucose is also different. [specify] In terms of chemical structure, glucose is a monosaccharide, that is, a simple sugar.
d -Glucose + 2 [NAD] + + 2 [ADP] + 2 [P] i 2 × Pyruvate 2 × + 2 [NADH] + 2 H + + 2 [ATP] + 2 H 2 O Glycolysis pathway overview The use of symbols in this equation makes it appear unbalanced with respect to oxygen atoms, hydrogen atoms, and charges. Atom balance is maintained by the two phosphate (P i) groups: Each exists in the form of a hydrogen phosphate anion, dissociating to contribute ...