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MADRE over-the-horizon radar at the NRL's Chesapeake Bay Detachment U.S. Navy Relocatable Over-the-Horizon Radar station. The most common type of OTH radar, OTH-B (backscatter), [3] uses skywave or "skip" propagation, in which shortwave radio waves are refracted off an ionized layer in the atmosphere, the ionosphere, and return to Earth some distance away.
The radar horizon with an antenna height of 75 feet (23 m) over the ocean is 10-mile (16 km). However, since the pressure and water vapor content of the atmosphere varies with height, the path used by the radar beam is refracted by the change in density. With a standard atmosphere, electromagnetic waves are generally bent or refracted downward.
The Jindalee Operational Radar Network (JORN) is an over-the-horizon radar (OHR) network operated by the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) that can monitor air and sea movements across 37,000 square kilometres (14,000 sq mi). [citation needed] It has a normal operating range of 1,000–3,000 kilometres (620–1,860 mi). [1]
AN/APS-112 improved AN/APS-59 AWACS radar; AN/APS-113 weather radar by Bendix Corporation for UH-1 and EC-47; AN/APS-115 maritime surveillance radar with two radar antennas by Texas Instruments for P-3 Orion; AN/APS-116 derivative of AN/APS-115 maritime surveillance radar with only one radar antenna by Texas Instruments for S-3A
In over-the-horizon radar, ducting causes part of the radiated and target-reflection energy of a radar system to be guided over distances far greater than the normal radar range. It also causes long-distance propagation of radio signals in bands that would normally be limited to line of sight.
PAVE PAWS Early-warning radar, Alaska. An early-warning radar is any radar system used primarily for the long-range detection of its targets, i.e., allowing defences to be alerted as early as possible before the intruder reaches its target, giving the air defences the maximum time in which to operate.
The United States military unleashed a wave of attacks targeting radar sites operated by Yemen's Houthi rebels over their assaults on shipping in the crucial Red Sea corridor, authorities said ...
The unclaimed signal was a source of speculation, giving rise to theories such as Soviet brainwashing and weather modification experiments. However, because of its distinctive transmission pattern, many experts and amateur radio hobbyists realized it was an over-the-horizon radar system.