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Chronic bronchitis is a lower respiratory tract disease, [26] defined by a productive cough that lasts for three months or more per year for at least two years. [ 1 ] [ 10 ] The cough is sometimes referred to as a smoker's cough since it often results from smoking.
It is the leading cause of hospital admission for respiratory disease among infants in the United States and accounts for one out of every 13 primary care visits. [8] Bronchiolitis accounts for 3% of emergency department visits for children under 2 years old. [ 12 ]
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a type of progressive lung disease characterized by chronic respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation. [8] GOLD 2024 defined COPD as a heterogeneous lung condition characterized by chronic respiratory symptoms (dyspnea or shortness of breath, cough, sputum production or exacerbations) due to abnormalities of the airways (bronchitis ...
While the disease is not reversible, treatments can slow further worsening. [1] This may include the use of corticosteroids or immunosuppressive medication. [1] A lung transplant may be offered. [4] Outcomes are often poor, with most people dying in months to years. [4] Bronchiolitis obliterans is rare in the general population. [4]
In the UK, approximately 1 in 7 individuals are affected by some form of chronic lung disease, most commonly chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which includes asthma, chronic bronchitis and emphysema. [32] Respiratory diseases (including lung cancer) are responsible for over 10% of hospitalizations and over 16% of deaths in Canada. [33]
A history of exposure to potential causes and evaluation of symptoms may help in revealing the cause the exacerbation, which helps in choosing the best treatment. A sputum culture can specify which strain is causing a bacterial AECB. [5] An early morning sample is preferred. [7] E-nose showed the ability to smell the cause of the exacerbation. [8]
Human nutrition deals with the provision of essential nutrients in food that are necessary to support human life and good health. [1] Poor nutrition is a chronic problem often linked to poverty, food security, or a poor understanding of nutritional requirements. [2]
Underweight births and intrauterine growth restrictions cause 2.2 million child deaths a year. Poor or non-existent breastfeeding causes another 1.4 million. Other deficiencies, such as lack of vitamin A or zinc, for example, account for 1 million. Malnutrition in the first two years is irreversible.