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Chemical kinetics, also known as reaction kinetics, is the branch of physical chemistry that is concerned with understanding the rates of chemical reactions. It is different from chemical thermodynamics, which deals with the direction in which a reaction occurs but in itself tells nothing about its rate.
In physics and chemistry, a molecule (or other group of atoms) can undergo libration if it is subject to external forces or constraints that restrict its orientation. For example, in liquid water , any given water molecule is attracted to neighboring molecules, so that it has a preferred orientation and cannot freely rotate.
There are two main descriptions of motion: dynamics and kinematics.Dynamics is general, since the momenta, forces and energy of the particles are taken into account. In this instance, sometimes the term dynamics refers to the differential equations that the system satisfies (e.g., Newton's second law or Euler–Lagrange equations), and sometimes to the solutions to those equations.
Traditionally the Newton–Euler equations is the grouping together of Euler's two laws of motion for a rigid body into a single equation with 6 components, using column vectors and matrices. These laws relate the motion of the center of gravity of a rigid body with the sum of forces and torques (or synonymously moments) acting on the rigid body.
Humans, like all known things in the universe, are in constant motion; [2]: 8–9 however, aside from obvious movements of the various external body parts and locomotion, humans are in motion in a variety of ways that are more difficult to perceive. Many of these "imperceptible motions" are only perceivable with the help of special tools and ...
By the equipartition theorem, internal energy per mole of gas equals c v T, where T is absolute temperature and the specific heat at constant volume is c v = (f)(R/2). R = 8.314 J/(K mol) is the universal gas constant, and "f" is the number of thermodynamic (quadratic) degrees of freedom, counting the number of ways in which energy can occur.
Brownian motion is the random motion of particles suspended in a medium (a liquid or a gas). [2] This motion pattern typically consists of random fluctuations in a particle's position inside a fluid sub-domain, followed by a relocation to another sub-domain. Each relocation is followed by more fluctuations within the new closed volume.
It is referred to simply as the potential in physics, or the force field in chemistry. The first equation comes from Newton's laws of motion ; the force F {\displaystyle F} acting on each particle in the system can be calculated as the negative gradient of U ( X ) {\displaystyle U(X)} .