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Mathematically, an apportionment method is just a method of rounding real numbers to natural numbers. Despite the simplicity of this problem, every method of rounding suffers one or more paradoxes, as proven by the Balinski-Young theorem. The mathematical theory of apportionment identifies what properties can be expected from an apportionment ...
In mathematics, and more specifically in numerical analysis, Householder's methods are a class of root-finding algorithms that are used for functions of one real variable with continuous derivatives up to some order d + 1. Each of these methods is characterized by the number d, which is known as the order of the method.
This variant of the round-to-nearest method is also called convergent rounding, statistician's rounding, Dutch rounding, Gaussian rounding, odd–even rounding, [6] or bankers' rounding. [ 7 ] This is the default rounding mode used in IEEE 754 operations for results in binary floating-point formats.
A joint Politics and Economics series Social choice and electoral systems Social choice Mechanism design Comparative politics Comparison List (By country) Single-winner methods Single vote - plurality methods First preference plurality (FPP) Two-round (US: Jungle primary) Partisan primary Instant-runoff UK: Alternative vote (AV) US: Ranked-choice (RCV) Condorcet methods Condorcet-IRV Round ...
A different approach including derandomized rounding (with the method of conditional probabilities) gives a worst-case approximation ratio of 0.7965; [19] under standard assumptions in complexity theory, this is the best approximation ratio that can be achieved for PAV in polynomial time. [19]
The Huntington–Hill method, sometimes called method of equal proportions, is a highest averages method for assigning seats in a legislature to political parties or states. [1] Since 1941, this method has been used to apportion the 435 seats in the United States House of Representatives following the completion of each decennial census .
Moreover, capped divisor methods, which are variants of divisor methods in which a state never gets more seats than its upper quota, also satisfy house-monotonicity. An example is the Balinsky-Young quota method. [4] Every house-monotone method can be defined as a recursive function of the house size h. [1]:
Since the introduction of IEEE 754, the default method (round to nearest, ties to even, sometimes called Banker's Rounding) is more commonly used. This method rounds the ideal (infinitely precise) result of an arithmetic operation to the nearest representable value, and gives that representation as the result.