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Chloroplasts, containing thylakoids, visible in the cells of Ptychostomum capillare, a type of moss. A chloroplast (/ ˈ k l ɔːr ə ˌ p l æ s t,-p l ɑː s t /) [1] [2] is a type of organelle known as a plastid that conducts photosynthesis mostly in plant and algal cells.
Zygnema is a genus of freshwater filamentous thalloid alga comprising about 100 species. [4] A terrestrial species, Z. terrestre, is known from India.Zygnema grows as a free-floating mass of filaments, although young plants may be found anchored to streambeds with a holdfast.
Chloroplasts are characterized by a system of membranes embedded in a hydrophobic proteinaceous matrix, or stroma. The basic unit of the membrane system is a flattened single vesicle called the thylakoid; thylakoids stack into grana. All the thylakoids of a granum are connected with each other, and the grana are connected by intergranal ...
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The genus name is believed to have originated from the Greek word Phakos, meaning lentil or lens. [3] This may be due to the general round or oval shape of the many species that are part of this genus. Its origins date back to the nineteenth century, in France, where it first received publication and establishment by Dujardin. The genus name is ...
Chloroplasts also need to balance the ratios of photosystem I and II for the electron transfer chain. The redox state of the electron carrier plastoquinone in the thylakoid membrane directly affects the transcription of chloroplast genes encoding proteins of the reaction centers of the photosystems, thus counteracting imbalances in the electron ...
2 Chloroplast envelope. 2.1 Outer membrane. 2.2 Intermembrane space. 2.3 Inner membrane. 3 Thylakoid. 3.1 Thylakoid space (lumen) 3.2 Thylakoid membrane. 4 Stromal ...