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Human uses of animals. Human uses of animals include both practical uses, such as the production of food and clothing, and symbolic uses, such as in art, literature, mythology, and religion. All of these are elements of culture, broadly understood. Animals used in these ways include fish, crustaceans, insects, molluscs, mammals and birds.
The first known animal welfare laws in North America were regulations against "Tirranny or Crueltie" toward domestic animals included in the 1641 Massachusetts Body of Liberties. [2] Starting in the late 1820s, a number of states passed anti-cruelty statutes. Many of these exempted animals used in experiments, and only twice were they invoked ...
Animal testing, science, medicine, animal welfare, animal rights, ethics. Animal testing, also known as animal experimentation, animal research, and in vivo testing, is the use of non-human animals, such as model organisms, in experiments that seek to control the variables that affect the behavior or biological system under study.
Mice are the most commonly used mammal species for live animal research. Such research is sometimes described as vivisection. Vivisection (from Latin vivus 'alive' and sectio 'cutting') is surgery conducted for experimental purposes on a living organism, typically animals with a central nervous system, to view living internal structure.
The history of animal testing goes back to the writings of the Ancient Greeks in the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE, with Aristotle (384–322 BCE) and Erasistratus (304–258 BCE) one of the first documented to perform experiments on nonhuman animals. [1] Galen, a physician in 2nd-century Rome, dissected pigs and goats, and is known as the "Father ...
Animal rights activist Richard Ryder coined the term "speciesism" to describe the devaluing of nonhuman animals on the basis of species alone. [47] 1971 The United States Department of Agriculture excluded birds, mice, and rats – which make up the vast majority of animals used in research – from protection under the Animal Welfare Act. [48 ...
Human uses of living things, including animals, plants, fungi, and microbes, take many forms, both practical, such as the production of food and clothing, and symbolic, as in art, mythology, and religion. Social sciences including archaeology, anthropology and ethnography are starting to take a multispecies view of human interactions with ...
A Sumerian group of two separate shell inlay fragments forming the body and head of a sheep, c. 27th–24th Century BC. Human uses of mammals include both practical uses, such as for food, sport, and transport, and symbolic uses, such as in art and mythology. Mammals have played a crucial role in creating and sustaining human culture.