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Friedel–Crafts reactions have been used in the synthesis of several triarylmethane and xanthene dyes. [26] Examples are the synthesis of thymolphthalein (a pH indicator) from two equivalents of thymol and phthalic anhydride: A reaction of phthalic anhydride with resorcinol in the presence of zinc chloride gives the fluorophore fluorescein.
Freund reaction; Friedel–Crafts acylation; Friedel–Crafts alkylation; Friedländer synthesis; Fries rearrangement; Fritsch–Buttenberg–Wiechell rearrangement; Fujimoto–Belleau reaction; Fujiwara–Moritani reaction; Fukuyama coupling; Fukuyama indole synthesis; Fukuyama reduction
This reaction is typically catalyzed by the corresponding iron or aluminum trihalide. The Friedel–Crafts reaction can be performed either as an acylation or as an alkylation. Often, aluminium trichloride is used, but almost any strong Lewis acid can be applied. For the acylation reaction a stoichiometric amount of aluminum trichloride is ...
Lanthanide triflates are proposed for Friedel-Crafts acylations and alkylations, which are often carried out with AlCl 3 as the catalyst in an organic solvent. The nature of the Friedel-Craft reaction, especially the acylation, forces the AlCl 3 to irreversibly complex with any oxygen-containing group in the product, with the only way of decomplexing it being to destroy the AlCl 3 part with ...
Clemmensen reduction conditions are particularly effective at reducing aryl [4]-alkyl ketones, [5] [6] such as those formed in a Friedel-Crafts acylation. The two-step sequence of Friedel-Crafts acylation followed by Clemmensen reduction constitutes a classical strategy for the primary alkylation of arenes.
Two common modes of Lewis acid catalysis in reactions with polar mechanisms. In reactions with polar mechanisms, Lewis acid catalysis often involves binding of the catalyst to Lewis basic heteroatoms and withdrawing electron density, which in turn facilitates heterolytic bond cleavage (in the case of Friedel-Crafts reaction) or directly activates the substrate toward nucleophilic attack (in ...
A native of Strasbourg, France, he was a student of Louis Pasteur at the Sorbonne.In 1876, he became a professor of chemistry and mineralogy at the Sorbonne.. Friedel developed the Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation reactions with James Crafts in 1877, [2] [3] and attempted to make synthetic diamonds.
In electrophilic substitution in aromatic compounds, an atom appended to the aromatic ring, usually hydrogen, is replaced by an electrophile.The most important reactions of this type that take place are aromatic nitration, aromatic halogenation, aromatic sulfonation and acylation and alkylating Friedel-Crafts reactions.