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[171] [172] In the early years, AAC was primarily used with laryngectomy and glossectomy cases, and later with individuals with cerebral palsy and aphasia. [173] It was typically only employed after traditional speech therapy had failed, as many felt hesitant to provide non-speech intervention to those who might be able to learn to speak.
Early childhood intervention came about as a natural progression from special education for children with disabilities (Guralnick, 1997). Many early childhood intervention support services began as research units in universities (for example, Syracuse University in the United States and Macquarie University in Australia) while others were developed out of organizations helping older children.
The training protocol is based on the principles of applied behavior analysis. [3] The goal of PECS is spontaneous and functional communication. [3] The PECS teaching protocol is based on B. F. Skinner's book, Verbal Behavior, such that functional verbal operants are systematically taught using prompting and reinforcement strategies that will lead to independent communication.
The American psychiatrists Sally J. Rogers and Geraldine Dawson began developing the Early Start Denver Model during the 1980s. [1] While working at the University of Colorado, in Denver, Rogers provided what was first called the "play school model" of intervention which was applied to children in preschool during their regular play activities. [2]
Intensive, sustained special education programs and behavior therapy early in life can help children acquire self-care, social, and job skills, [5] and often improve functioning and decrease symptom severity and maladaptive behaviors; [8] claims that intervention by around age three years is crucial are not substantiated. [28]
The PECS program serves as another common intervention technique used to conform individuals with autism. [non-primary source needed] [11] As many as 25% of autistic individuals have no functional speech. [12] The program teaches spontaneous social communication through symbols or pictures by relying on ABA techniques.