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Vocal cord nodules are bilaterally symmetrical benign white masses that form at the midpoint of the vocal folds. [1] Although diagnosis involves a physical examination of the head and neck , as well as perceptual voice measures, visualization of the vocal nodules via laryngeal endoscopy remains the primary diagnostic method.
Ligament vocal fold cysts- located within the deeper layers of the lamina propria or on the vocal ligament. [1] The symptoms of vocal fold cysts vary but most commonly include a hoarse voice and problems with the pitch of the voice. Vocal fold cysts are diagnosed based on gathering a case history, perceptual examination, and laryngeal imaging. [3]
Vocal fold injuries can have a number of causes including chronic overuse, chemical, thermal and mechanical trauma such as smoking, laryngeal cancer, and surgery. Other benign pathological phenomena like polyps, vocal fold nodules and edema will also introduce disordered phonation. [34]
Vocal fold nodules; Vocal fold cysts; Vocal cord paresis; Reinke's edema; Spasmodic dysphonia; Foreign accent syndrome; Bogart–Bacall syndrome; Laryngeal ...
Vocal cord dysfunction (VCD) is a condition affecting the vocal cords. [1] It is characterized by abnormal closure of the vocal folds, which can result in significant difficulties and distress during breathing , particularly during inhalation .
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Vocal fold lesions such as a vocal fold nodule or other changes in the vocal fold mucosa can lead to increased tension in the larynx and cause dysphonia. [2] Larynogopharyngeal reflux, a process that is similar to GERD, can bring stomach acid into the larynx. This can provoke the larynx to tense to prevent the aspiration of the acid. [3]
In normal vocal folds, the jelly-like "Reinke's space" is very loose and abundant with interstitial proteins such as hyaluronic acid, fibronectin, proteoglycan like fibromodulin, decorin and versican. All these extracellular matrix components together regulate the water content of vocal fold and render the viscous shear property for it.