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The injustices of a criminal justice system disproportionately impact Black people; maintaining these racial disparities has a high cost for individuals, families, and communities. On an individual level, a criminal conviction may equate to loss of access to employment, housing, and public service opportunities.
Racial trauma, or race-based traumatic stress, is the cumulative effects of racism on an individual’s mental and physical health. [1] It has been observed in numerous BIPOC communities and people of all ages, including young children. [2] [3] Racial trauma can be experienced vicariously or directly.
"What makes it traumatic is how you experience it," Kelly Baker, marriage and family therapist and founder of Onyx Trauma Healing Center told Newsy. "There was a national survey done by the ...
In the context of racism in the United States, racism against African Americans dates back to the colonial era, and it continues to be a persistent issue in American society in the 21st century. From the arrival of the first Africans in early colonial times until after the American Civil War , most African Americans were enslaved .
The physiological stress caused by racism has been documented in studies by Claude Steele, Joshua Aronson, and Steven Spencer on what they term "stereotype threat." [328] Much research has been done on the effects of racism on adults, but racism and discrimination also affect children and teens. [329]
The documented history of redlining in the United States is a manifestation of the historical systemic racism that has had wide-ranging impacts on American society, two examples being educational and housing inequality across racial groups. [14] [15] Redlining is also an example of spatial inequality and economic inequality.
The sociology of race and ethnic relations is the study of social, political, and economic relations between races and ethnicities at all levels of society.This area encompasses the study of systemic racism, like residential segregation and other complex social processes between different racial and ethnic groups.
LGBTQ people of color tend to be targets of both racism and heterosexism, which independently predicts depression, but associations between discrimination and suicidal ideation has only been found in relation to heterosexism. [94] This population report experiencing discrimination during job searches and interactions with the police. [91]