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The quality-adjusted life year (QALY) is a generic measure of disease burden, including both the quality and the quantity of life lived. [1] [2] It is used in economic evaluation to assess the value of medical interventions. [1] One QALY equates to one year in perfect health. [2] QALY scores range from 1 (perfect health) to 0 (dead). [3]
In HTAs it is usually expressed in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). If, for example, intervention A allows a patient to live for three additional years than if no intervention had taken place, but only with a quality of life weight of 0.6, then the intervention confers 3 * 0.6 = 1.8 QALYs to the patient.
This approach has to some extent been adopted in relation to QALYs; for example, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) adopts a nominal cost-per-QALY threshold of £20,000 to £30,000. [2] As such, the ICER facilitates comparison of interventions across various disease states and treatments.
HUI classifications measure a range of health domains with examples including sensation, mobility, pain, cognition, ambulation, and emotion. Health utility values are commonly produced using HUI as a component of the quality-adjusted life years (QALY) calculation used in population health and economics .
The exposure-based approach, which measures exposure via pollutant levels, is used to calculate the environmental burden of disease. [20] This approach requires knowledge of the outcomes associated with the relevant risk factor, exposure levels and distribution in the study population, and dose-response relationships of the pollutants.
The most commonly used outcome measure is quality-adjusted life years (QALY). [1] Cost–utility analysis is similar to cost-effectiveness analysis. Cost-effectiveness analyses are often visualized on a plane consisting of four quadrants, the cost represented on one axis and the effectiveness on the other axis. [3]
Comparative effectiveness research adopts many of the same approaches and methodologies as cost-effectiveness analysis, including the use of incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). An important component of CER is the concept of pragmatic randomised controlled trials. [4]
This answer can be used to calculate the individual's quality of life in that health state. For example, an individual with severe asthma could be offered 10 years in their current condition, or a shorter length of time in full health. If this individual is willing to trade off two of the ten offered years in order to regain full health, this ...