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The quality-adjusted life year (QALY) is a generic measure of disease burden, including both the quality and the quantity of life lived. [1] [2] It is used in economic evaluation to assess the value of medical interventions. [1] One QALY equates to one year in perfect health. [2] QALY scores range from 1 (perfect health) to 0 (dead). [3]
This approach has to some extent been adopted in relation to QALYs; for example, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) adopts a nominal cost-per-QALY threshold of £20,000 to £30,000. [2] As such, the ICER facilitates comparison of interventions across various disease states and treatments.
HUI classifications measure a range of health domains with examples including sensation, mobility, pain, cognition, ambulation, and emotion. Health utility values are commonly produced using HUI as a component of the quality-adjusted life years (QALY) calculation used in population health and economics. [1]
This answer can be used to calculate the individual's quality of life in that health state. For example, an individual with severe asthma could be offered 10 years in their current condition, or a shorter length of time in full health. If this individual is willing to trade off two of the ten offered years in order to regain full health, this ...
So, an example in which the costs and gains, respectively, are $140,000 and 3.5 QALYs, would yield a value of $40,000 per QALY. These values are often used by policy makers and hospital administrators to determine relative priorities when determining treatments for disease conditions.
The most commonly used outcome measure is quality-adjusted life years (QALY). [1] Cost–utility analysis is similar to cost-effectiveness analysis. Cost-effectiveness analyses are often visualized on a plane consisting of four quadrants, the cost represented on one axis and the effectiveness on the other axis. [3]
The exposure-based approach, which measures exposure via pollutant levels, is used to calculate the environmental burden of disease. [20] This approach requires knowledge of the outcomes associated with the relevant risk factor, exposure levels and distribution in the study population, and dose-response relationships of the pollutants.
Patients on the new treatment on average live an extra 3 months, so 1.25 years in total. The quality of life gained is the product of life span and quality rating with the new treatment less the same calculation for the old treatment, i.e. (1.25 x 0.6) less (1.0 x 0.4) = 0.35 QALY. The marginal cost of the new treatment to deliver this extra ...