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  2. Hot-filament ionization gauge - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot-filament_ionization_gauge

    The most common ion gauge is the hot-cathode Bayard–Alpert gauge, with a small collector inside the grid. [1] A glass envelope with an opening to the vacuum can surround the electrodes, but usually the nude gauge is inserted in the vacuum chamber directly, the pins being fed through a ceramic plate in the wall of the chamber. Hot-cathode ...

  3. Quiver diagram - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiver_diagram

    In theoretical physics, a quiver diagram is a graph representing the matter content of a gauge theory that describes D-branes on orbifolds. Quiver diagrams may also be used to described N = 2 {\displaystyle {\mathcal {N}}=2} supersymmetric gauge theories in four dimensions.

  4. Köhler illumination - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Köhler_illumination

    Köhler illumination is a method of specimen illumination used for transmitted and reflected light (trans- and epi-illuminated) optical microscopy.Köhler illumination acts to generate an even illumination of the sample and ensures that an image of the illumination source (for example a halogen lamp filament) is not visible in the resulting image.

  5. Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_formulation...

    Standard Model of Particle Physics. The diagram shows the elementary particles of the Standard Model (the Higgs boson, the three generations of quarks and leptons, and the gauge bosons), including their names, masses, spins, charges, chiralities, and interactions with the strong, weak and electromagnetic forces.

  6. Gauge principle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauge_principle

    In physics, a gauge principle specifies a procedure for obtaining an interaction term from a free Lagrangian which is symmetric with respect to a continuous symmetry—the results of localizing (or gauging) the global symmetry group must be accompanied by the inclusion of additional fields (such as the electromagnetic field), with appropriate kinetic and interaction terms in the action, in ...

  7. Piping and instrumentation diagram - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piping_and_instrumentation...

    Piping and instrumentation diagram of pump with storage tank. Symbols according to EN ISO 10628 and EN 62424. A more complex example of a P&ID. A piping and instrumentation diagram (P&ID) is defined as follows: A diagram which shows the interconnection of process equipment and the instrumentation used to control the process.

  8. Introduction to gauge theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction_to_gauge_theory

    A gauge theory is a type of theory in physics.The word gauge means a measurement, a thickness, an in-between distance (as in railroad tracks), or a resulting number of units per certain parameter (a number of loops in an inch of fabric or a number of lead balls in a pound of ammunition). [1]

  9. Flow measurement - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow_measurement

    For the Doppler principle to work, there must be a high enough density of sonically reflective materials such as solid particles or air bubbles suspended in the fluid. This is in direct contrast to an ultrasonic transit time flowmeter, where bubbles and solid particles reduce the accuracy of the measurement.