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Methanol toxicity (also methanol poisoning) is poisoning from methanol, characteristically via ingestion. [1] Symptoms may include an altered/decreased level of consciousness , poor or no coordination, vomiting , abdominal pain , and a specific smell on the breath.
Alcohol intoxication leads to negative health effects due to the recent drinking of large amount of ethanol (alcohol). [6] [20] When severe it may become a medical emergency. Some effects of alcohol intoxication, such as euphoria and lowered social inhibition, are central to alcohol's desirability. [21]
TI = TD50 / ED50, where TD50 is the dose at which toxicity presents in 50% of the population, and ED50 is the dose needed to produce 50% of maximal response. [32] From the equation, a high TI indicates that the drug needs a high dose to induce toxicity in 50% of the population or a low dose to achieve the minimum effective dose, and vice versa.
Side effects of alcohols applied to the skin include skin irritation. [2] Care should be taken with electrocautery, as ethanol is flammable. [1] Types of alcohol used include ethanol, denatured ethanol, 1-propanol, and isopropyl alcohol. [6] [7] Alcohols are effective against a range of microorganisms, though they do not inactivate spores. [7]
Treatment may include activated charcoal if the person seeks medical help soon after the overdose. [1] Attempting to force the person to vomit is not recommended. [6] If there is a potential for toxicity, the antidote acetylcysteine is recommended. [1] The medication is generally given for at least 24 hours. [6]
The antidotes for ethylene glycol poisoning are ethanol and fomepizole. This antidotal treatment forms the mainstay of management of ethylene glycol poisoning. The toxicity of ethylene glycol comes from its metabolism to glycolic acid and oxalic acid. The goal of pharmacotherapy is to prevent the formation of these metabolites.
Between 1995 and 1999, the country reduced overdose deaths by 79 percent as buprenorphine use in treatment became widely accepted. The medication, along with methadone treatment and needle exchange initiatives, also helped cut in half the HIV rate among intravenous drug users.
An antidote is a substance that can counteract a form of poisoning. [1] The term ultimately derives from the Greek term φάρμακον ἀντίδοτον (pharmakon antidoton) , "(medicine) given as a remedy".