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  2. Raising and lowering indices - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raising_and_lowering_indices

    It is common convention to use greek indices when writing expressions involving tensors in Minkowski space, while Latin indices are reserved for Euclidean space. Well-formulated expressions are constrained by the rules of Einstein summation: any index may appear at most twice and furthermore a raised index must contract with a lowered index ...

  3. Ricci calculus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricci_calculus

    The free indices in a tensor expression always appear in the same (upper or lower) position throughout every term, and in a tensor equation the free indices are the same on each side. Dummy indices (which implies a summation over that index) need not be the same, for example:

  4. Open Problems in Mathematics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Problems_in...

    Open Problems in Mathematics is a book, edited by John Forbes Nash Jr. and Michael Th. Rassias, published in 2016 by Springer (ISBN 978-3-319-32160-8). The book consists of seventeen expository articles, written by outstanding researchers, on some of the central open problems in the field of mathematics.

  5. Frobenius method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frobenius_method

    Some solutions of a differential equation having a regular singular point with indicial roots = and .. In mathematics, the method of Frobenius, named after Ferdinand Georg Frobenius, is a way to find an infinite series solution for a linear second-order ordinary differential equation of the form ″ + ′ + = with ′ and ″.

  6. Atiyah–Singer index theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atiyah–Singer_index_theorem

    The index problem is the following: compute the (analytical) index of D using only the symbol s and topological data derived from the manifold and the vector bundle. The Atiyah–Singer index theorem solves this problem, and states: The analytical index of D is equal to its topological index.

  7. Extraneous and missing solutions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraneous_and_missing...

    The solution = is in fact a valid solution to the original equation; but the other solution, =, has disappeared. The problem is that we divided both sides by x {\displaystyle x} , which involves the indeterminate operation of dividing by zero when x = 0. {\displaystyle x=0.}

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  9. Index calculus algorithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_calculus_algorithm

    In computational number theory, the index calculus algorithm is a probabilistic algorithm for computing discrete logarithms. Dedicated to the discrete logarithm in ( Z / q Z ) ∗ {\displaystyle (\mathbb {Z} /q\mathbb {Z} )^{*}} where q {\displaystyle q} is a prime, index calculus leads to a family of algorithms adapted to finite fields and to ...