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[36] [37] At global level, ruminants require 133 kg of dry matter per kg of protein while monogastrics require 30 kg. [ 36 ] [ 37 ] However, when considering human edible feed only, ruminants require 5.9 kg of feed to produce 1 kg of animal protein, while monogastrics require 15.8 kg.
Haylage sometimes refers to high dry matter silage of around 40% to 60%, typically made from hay. Horse haylage is usually 60% to 70% dry matter, made in small bales or larger bales. [9] Handling of wrapped bales is most often with some type of gripper that squeezes the plastic-covered bale between two metal parts to avoid puncturing the plastic.
Total mixed ration (TMR) is a method of feeding beef and dairy cattle. A TMR diet achieves a wide distribution of nutrients in uniform feed rather than switching between several types. A cow's ration should include good quality forages, a balance of grains and proteins, vitamins and minerals. [1]
Methane production from cows, and land conversion for grazing and animal feed means beef from dedicated beef herds has a very high carbon footprint. Gut flora in cattle include methanogens that produce methane as a byproduct of enteric fermentation, which cattle belch out.
The cattle industry takes the position that the use of growth hormones allows plentiful meats to be sold for affordable prices. [24] Using hormones in beef cattle costs $1.50 and adds between 40 and 50 lb (18 and 23 kg) to the weight of a steer at slaughter, for a return of at least $25. [25]
[6] [7] According to FAO, ruminants require an average of 2.8 kg of grains to produce 1 kg of meat while monogastrics require 3.2. [6] [7] These figures vary between 0.1 for extensive ruminant systems to 9.4 in beef feedlots, and from 0.1 in backyard chicken production to 4 in industrial pig production.
Smithfield Foods hog CAFO, Unionville, Missouri, 2013. In animal husbandry, a concentrated animal feeding operation (CAFO), as defined by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), is an intensive animal feeding operation (AFO) in which over 1,000 animal units are confined for over 45 days a year.
The potassium content is 0.72% on a dry matter basis, i.e. 0.72% of the dry matter is potassium. The apple, therefore, contains 158 mg potassium (0.72/100 X 22 g). Dried apple contains the same concentration of potassium on a dry matter basis (0.72%), but is only 32% water (68% dry matter).