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The dihydrogen cation or hydrogen molecular ion is a cation (positive ion) with formula +. It consists of two hydrogen nuclei ( protons ), each sharing a single electron . It is the simplest molecular ion .
By definition, an acid is an ion or molecule that can donate a proton, and when introduced to a solution it will react with water molecules (H 2 O) to form a hydronium ion (H 3 O +), a conjugate acid of water. [4] For simplistic reasoning, the hydrogen ion (H +) is often used to abbreviate the hydronium ion.
H + 3 is one of the most abundant ions in the universe, and it plays a notable role in the chemistry of the interstellar medium. [101] Neutral triatomic hydrogen H 3 can exist only in an excited form and is unstable. [102] By contrast, the positive hydrogen molecular ion (H + 2) is a rare in the universe. [citation needed]
One mole is an aggregate of exactly 6.022 140 76 × 10 23 elementary entities (approximately 602 sextillion or 602 billion times a trillion), which can be atoms, molecules, ions, ion pairs, or other particles.
In chemistry, the most commonly used unit for molarity is the number of moles per liter, having the unit symbol mol/L or mol/dm 3 in SI units. A solution with a concentration of 1 mol/L is said to be 1 molar, commonly designated as 1 M or 1 M.
The "hydrogen ion" and the "electron" in these examples are respectively called the "reaction units." By this definition, the number of equivalents of a given ion in a solution is equal to the number of moles of that ion multiplied by its valence. For example, consider a solution of 1 mole of NaCl and 1 mole of CaCl 2.
There are also many known examples of salts containing hydrated hydronium ions, such as the H 5 O + 2 ion in HCl·2H 2 O, the H 7 O + 3 and H 9 O + 4 ions both found in HBr·4H 2 O. [ 28 ] Sulfuric acid is also known to form a hydronium salt H 3 O + HSO − 4 at temperatures below 8.49 °C (47.28 °F).
Other oxonium ions are found when water is in acidic solution with other solvents. [20] Although exotic on Earth, one of the most common ions in the universe is the H + 3 ion, known as protonated molecular hydrogen or the trihydrogen cation. [21]