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The following list enumerates Hindu monarchies in chronological order of establishment dates. These monarchies were widespread in South Asia since about 1500 BC, [1] went into slow decline in the medieval times, with most gone by the end of the 17th century, although the last one, the Kingdom of Nepal, dissolved only in the 2008.
The main imperial or quasi-imperial rulers of North India are fairly clear from this point on, but many local rulers, and the situation in the Deccan and South India has less clear stone inscriptions from early centuries. Main sources of South Indian history is Sangam Literature dated from 300s BCE. Time period of ancient Indian rulers is ...
For Lists of rulers of India, see: List of Indian monarchs (c. 3000 BCE – 1956 CE) List of presidents of India (1950–present)
In 1579, the Mughal Emperor Akbar referred to himself as: [153] Emperor of Islam, Emir of the Faithful, Shadow of God on earth, Abul Fath Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar Badshah Ghazi (whose empire Allah perpetuate), is a most just, most wise, and a most God-fearing ruler.
The preoccupation with wars and military campaigns, however, did not allow the new emperor to consolidate the gains he had made in India. [17] The instability of the empire became evident under his son, Humayun (reigned 1530–1556), who was forced into exile in Persia by the rebellious Sher Shah Suri (reigned 1540–1545). [ 11 ]
When the Mughal Emperor Babur was taking stock of the potentates of north India, he rated Krishnadevaraya the most powerful, with the most extensive empire in the subcontinent. [8]
Map of the Mughal Empire at its greatest extent, under Aurangzeb C.1707 [21]. The Mughal Empire has often been called the last golden age of India. [22] [23] It was founded in 1526 by Babur of the Barlas clan, after his victories at the First Battle of Panipat and the Battle of Khanwa, against the Delhi Sultanate and Rajput Confederation, respectively.
Emperor of Hindustan or the Emperor of India, [Note 1] was the imperial title used firstly by the Delhi Sultanate [1] and then their successors the Mughal Empire [2] [3] It signified their sovereignity over Northern India and later much of the Indian subcontinent. [Note 2] Bahadur Shah Zafar, last Emperor of Hindustan.