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A subsidiary, subsidiary company, or daughter company [1] [2] [3] is a company completely or partially owned or controlled by another company, called the parent company or holding company, which has legal and financial control over the subsidiary company.
A holding company is a company whose primary business is holding a controlling interest in the securities of other companies. [1] A holding company usually does not produce goods or services itself. Its purpose is to own stock of other companies to form a corporate group .
The holding company oversees its subsidiaries without offering products or services of its own. A bank holding company, in particular, has a controlling interest in one or more banks.
A corporate group is composed of companies. The general rule is that a company is a separate legal entity from its shareholders, that is the shareholder's liability for the subsidiary's debts is limited to the value of the shares, [3] and the shareholders cannot be required to perform the company's obligations.
A conglomerate usually has a parent company that owns and controls many subsidiaries, which are legally independent but financially and strategically dependent on the parent company. Conglomerates are often large and multinational corporations that have a global presence and a diversified portfolio of products and services.
If one company owns a majority in another company, then the first company is deemed to exert a controlling influence. [1] The parent company is then liable for any damage which results from the interference of the parent company in the subsidiary, which is judged on a case-by-case basis. [ 4 ]
A company or firm in which the holding company owns a significant portion of voting shares, usually 20–50% or a "minority of share ownership", is known as an associate company. A company in which the holding company owns more than 50% voting shares or a "majority of share ownership" is known as a subsidiary. The holding company thus can also ...
In the U.S. railroad industry, the term refers to a company that is a subsidiary but operates with its own identity and rolling stock. In contrast, a non-operating subsidiary would exist on paper only, but for operating purposes would use the identity and rolling stock of the parent company.