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  2. Cloud - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud

    Cloud droplets tend to scatter light efficiently, so that the intensity of the solar radiation decreases with depth into the gases. As a result, the cloud base can vary from a very light to very-dark-gray depending on the cloud's thickness and how much light is being reflected or transmitted back to the observer. High thin tropospheric clouds ...

  3. List of states of matter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_of_matter

    Except at extreme temperatures and pressures, atoms form the three classical states of matter: solid, liquid and gas. Complex molecules can also form various mesophases such as liquid crystals, which are intermediate between the liquid and solid phases. At high temperatures or strong electromagnetic fields, atoms become ionized, forming plasma.

  4. Atomic and molecular astrophysics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_and_molecular...

    One molecule, composed of the abundant carbon and oxygen atoms, and very stable against dissociation into atoms, is carbon monoxide (CO). The wavelength of the photon emitted when the CO molecule falls from its lowest excited state to its zero energy, or ground, state is 2.6mm, or 115 gigahertz. This frequency is a thousand times higher than ...

  5. Cloud physics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_physics

    the effective cloud amount, the cloud amount weighted by the cloud IR emissivity, with a global average of 0.5; the cloud (visible) optical depth varies within a range of 4 and 10. the cloud water path for the liquid and solid (ice) phases of the cloud particles; the cloud effective particle size for both liquid and ice, ranging from 0 to 200 μm

  6. List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and...

    The only detected inorganic molecule with five or more atoms is SiH 4. [14] Molecules larger than that all have at least one carbon atom, with no N−N or O−O bonds. [14] Carbon monoxide is frequently used to trace the distribution of mass in molecular clouds. [15]

  7. Matter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matter

    This definition goes beyond atoms and molecules, however, to include substances made from these building blocks that are not simply atoms or molecules, for example electron beams in an old cathode ray tube television, or white dwarf matter—typically, carbon and oxygen nuclei in a sea of degenerate electrons. At a microscopic level, the ...

  8. Triatomic molecule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triatomic_molecule

    Homonuclear triatomic molecules contain three of the same kind of atom. That molecule will be an allotrope of that element. Ozone, O 3 is an example of a triatomic molecule with all atoms the same. Triatomic hydrogen, H 3, is unstable and breaks up spontaneously. H 3 +, the trihydrogen cation is stable by itself and is symmetric.

  9. Atom - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom

    To visualize the minuteness of the atom, consider that a typical human hair is about 1 million carbon atoms in width. [77] A single drop of water contains about 2 sextillion (2 × 10 21) atoms of oxygen, and twice the number of hydrogen atoms. [78] A single carat diamond with a mass of 2 × 10 −4 kg contains about 10 sextillion (10 22) atoms ...