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One out of 11 Shinto shrines built in Indonesia. [34] The Japanese divided Indonesia into three separate regions; Sumatra (along with Malaya) was placed under the 25th Army, Java and Madura were under the 16th Army, while Borneo and eastern Indonesia were controlled by the 2nd South Fleet of the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) based in Makassar.
After the Japanese defeat at the Battle of Leyte Gulf and the liberation of the Philippines, the Japanese abandoned hope of turning Indonesia into a puppet state, and now began to try and win goodwill. However, a rebellion by PETA militias in Blitar in February 1945 showed the Japanese they were losing control. [3] [4]
The Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence (Indonesian: Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia, abbreviated as PPKI; Japanese: 独立準備委員会, Hepburn: Dokuritsu Junbi Īnkai) was a body established on 7 August 1945 to prepare for the transfer of authority from the occupying Japanese to Indonesia.
The East Indies was one of Japan's primary targets if and when it went to war because the colony possessed abundant valuable resources, the most important of which were its rubber plantations and oil fields; [13] [14] the colony was the fourth-largest exporter of oil in the world, behind the U.S., Iran, and Romania.
Control of these routes was vital to securing the territory. [11] [12] Japanese military movement in the American-British-Dutch-Australian Command (ABDA) area from 1941 to 1942. With the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, Japanese immigrants had been welcomed since the 1900s. Companies such as Mitsubishi and Nissan were involved in trade with the territory.
On smaller change notes (1–10 cents) it is shortened to “De Japansche Regeering”. [17] All Japanese invasion money used in the Netherlands Indies bear the block prefix letter “S” either followed by a number (lower denominations, 1–10 cents), a second letter, or as the numerator in a fractional block layout. [20]
Following these operations, the 16th Army, led by Lieutenant General Hitoshi Imamura, and the 25th Army, under the command of General Yamashita Tomoyuki, began their sights to take control of Indonesia. [5] From its intelligence reports, the Netherlands was well aware of Japan's intention to expand its influence to Indonesia.
Conflict occurred not only with the Dutch, but also when the Japanese tried to re-establish control in October 1945 in Bandung, [51] and furthermore when the British tried to establish control. [52] After a long struggle for independence, the freedom of Indonesia from the Dutch was gained in 1949 as a part of a period of decolonization in Asia .