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In biological taxonomy, race is an informal rank in the taxonomic hierarchy for which various definitions exist. Sometimes it is used to denote a level below that of subspecies, while at other times it is used as a synonym for subspecies. [1] It has been used as a higher rank than strain, with several strains making up one race.
tinman, or tin is an Nk2-homeobox containing transcription factor first isolated in Drosophila flies. The human homolog is the Nkx2-5 gene. tinman is expressed in the precardiac mesoderm and is responsible for the differentiation, proliferation, and specification of cardiac progenitor cells.
At that time the debate was largely semantic, stemming from their different ideas about what race is and how it would be manifested in humans genetics. [6] [7] The evidence that was available to Livingstone and Dobzhansky was mostly limited to qualitative observations of phenotypes thought to express genetic variation (e.g. skin colour). [6]
Researchers have investigated the relationship between race and genetics as part of efforts to understand how biology may or may not contribute to human racial categorization. Today, the consensus among scientists is that race is a social construct , and that using it as a proxy for genetic differences among populations is misleading.
Human taxonomy is the classification of the human species within zoological taxonomy. The systematic genus, Homo, is designed to include both anatomically modern humans and extinct varieties of archaic humans.
The term race in biology is used with caution because it can be ambiguous. Generally, when it is used it is effectively a synonym of subspecies. [79] (For animals, the only taxonomic unit below the species level is usually the subspecies; [80] there are narrower infraspecific ranks in botany, and race does not
Skepticism towards the validity of scientific racism grew during the interwar period, [10] and by the end of World War II, scientific racism in theory and action was formally denounced, especially in UNESCO's early antiracist statement, "The Race Question" (1950): "The biological fact of race and the myth of 'race' should be distinguished. For ...
This rigid definition of race is no longer accepted by scientific communities. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Instead, the concept of 'race' is viewed as a social construct . [ 3 ] This means, in simple terms, that it is a human invention and not a biological fact.