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Avian influenza virus can survive for 100 days in distilled water at room temperature, and 200 days at 17 °C (63 °F). The avian virus is inactivated more quickly in manure, but can survive for up to two weeks in feces on cages. Avian influenza viruses can survive indefinitely when frozen. [57]
Avian influenza, also known as avian flu or bird flu, is a disease caused by the influenza A virus, which primarily affects birds but can sometimes affect mammals including humans. [1] Wild aquatic birds are the primary host of the influenza A virus, which is enzootic (continually present) in many bird populations.
Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 (A/H5N1) is a subtype of the influenza A virus, which causes the disease avian influenza (often referred to as "bird flu"). It is enzootic (maintained in the population) in many bird populations, and also panzootic (affecting animals of many species over a wide area). [ 1 ]
To unambiguously describe a specific isolate of virus, researchers use the Influenza virus nomenclature, [21] which describes, among other things, the subtype, year, and place of collection. Some examples include: [22] A/Rio de Janeiro/62434/2021 (H3N2). [22] The starting A indicates that the virus is an influenza A virus.
The spread of avian influenza in the eastern hemisphere. According to the United Nations FAO, wild water fowl likely plays a role in the avian influenza cycle and could be the initial source for AI viruses, which may be passed on through contact with resident water fowl or domestic poultry, particularly domestic ducks. A newly mutated virus ...
[8] [10] In 2020, reassortment (genetic "swapping") between these H5-2.3.4.4b viruses and other strains of avian influenza led to the emergence of a H5N1 strain with a H5-2.3.4.4b gene. [8] The virus then spread across Europe, first detected there in the autumn of 2020, before spreading to Africa and Asia . [ 1 ]
Influenza A virus subtype H7N2 (A/H7N2) is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus. This subtype is one of several sometimes called bird flu virus. H7N2 is considered a low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) virus. [1] With this in mind, H5 & H7 influenza viruses can re-assort into the Highly Pathogenic variant if conditions are favorable.
Only around 160 cases of the virus have been reported in the 40 years before 2018, mostly in various waterfowl or wild birds. [1] Existing studies show that H10 influenza viruses are present in a wide range of domestic and wild avian species, as well as in mammals, showing potential for adaptation. [ 2 ]