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In game theory, an extensive-form game is a specification of a game allowing (as the name suggests) for the explicit representation of a number of key aspects, like the sequencing of players' possible moves, their choices at every decision point, the (possibly imperfect) information each player has about the other player's moves when they make a decision, and their payoffs for all possible ...
Perfect information: A game has perfect information if it is a sequential game and every player knows the strategies chosen by the players who preceded them. Constant sum: A game is a constant sum game if the sum of the payoffs to every player are the same for every single set of strategies. In these games, one player gains if and only if ...
Chess is an example of a game with perfect information, as each player can see all the pieces on the board at all times. [2] Other games with perfect information include tic-tac-toe, Reversi, checkers, and Go. [3] Academic literature has not produced consensus on a standard definition of perfect information which defines whether games with ...
Examples of perfect-information games include tic-tac-toe, checkers, chess, and Go. [23] [24] [25] Many card games are games of imperfect information, such as poker and bridge. [26] Perfect information is often confused with complete information, which is a similar concept pertaining to the common knowledge of each player's sequence, strategies ...
Examples of games with incomplete but perfect information are conceptually more difficult to imagine, such as a Bayesian game. A game of chess is a commonly given example to illustrate how the lack of certain information influences the game, without chess itself being such a game. One can readily observe all of the opponent's moves and viable ...
An extensive form representation of a signaling game. In game theory, a signaling game is a type of a dynamic Bayesian game. [1] The essence of a signaling game is that one player takes action, the signal, to convey information to another player. Sending the signal is more costly if the information is false.
An extensive form representation of a two-person Lewis signalling game. In game theory, the Lewis signaling game is a type of signaling game that features perfect common interest between players. It is named for the philosopher David Lewis who was the first to discuss this game in his Ph.D. dissertation, and later book, Convention. [1]
Sequential games are governed by the time axis and represented in the form of decision trees. Sequential games with perfect information can be analysed mathematically using combinatorial game theory. Decision trees are the extensive form of dynamic games that provide information on the possible ways that a given game can be played.