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In integrated circuit design, physical design is a step in the standard design cycle which follows after the circuit design.At this step, circuit representations of the components (devices and interconnects) of the design are converted into geometric representations of shapes which, when manufactured in the corresponding layers of materials, will ensure the required functioning of the components.
A two layer rule specifies a relationship that must exist between two layers. For example, an enclosure rule might specify that an object of one type, such as a contact or via, must be covered, with some additional margin, by a metal layer. A typical value as of 2007 might be about 10 nm. There are many other rule types not illustrated here.
integrated circuit (IC) – a miniature electronic circuit formed by microfabrication on semiconducting material, performing the same function as a larger circuit made from discrete components interconnect (n.) – wires or signal traces that carry electrical signals between the elements in an electronic device
IC with complex circuits require multiple levels of interconnect to form circuits that have minimal area. As of 2018, the most complex ICs may have over 15 layers of interconnect. Each level of interconnect is separated from each other by a layer of dielectric. To make vertical connections between interconnects on different levels, vias are
A network with two components or branches has only two possible topologies: series and parallel. Figure 1.2. Series and parallel topologies with two branches. Even for these simplest of topologies, the circuit can be presented in varying ways. Figure 1.3. All these topologies are identical. Series topology is a general name.
The QIP design increased the spacing between solder pads without increasing package size, for two reasons: First it allowed more reliable soldering . This may seem odd today, given the far closer solder pad spacing in use now, but in the 1970s, the heyday of the QIL, bridging of neighbouring solder pads on DIP ICs was an issue at times,
Define the distance between two different words to be 2 −n, where n is the first place at which the words differ. The resulting metric is an ultrametric. The resulting metric is an ultrametric. The set of words with glued ends of the length n over some alphabet Σ is an ultrametric space with respect to the p -close distance.
Interval class Play ⓘ.. In musical set theory, an interval class (often abbreviated: ic), also known as unordered pitch-class interval, interval distance, undirected interval, or "(even completely incorrectly) as 'interval mod 6'" (Rahn 1980, 29; Whittall 2008, 273–74), is the shortest distance in pitch class space between two unordered pitch classes.