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In organic chemistry, a carboxylic acid is an organic acid that contains a carboxyl group (−C(=O)−OH) [1] attached to an R-group. The general formula of a carboxylic acid is often written as R−COOH or R−CO 2 H, sometimes as R−C(O)OH with R referring to an organyl group (e.g., alkyl, alkenyl, aryl), or hydrogen, or other groups ...
In organic chemistry, a carbonyl group is a functional group with the formula C=O, composed of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom, and it is divalent at the C atom. It is common to several classes of organic compounds (such as aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acid), as part of many larger functional groups. A compound containing a ...
A bond angle is the geometric angle between two adjacent bonds. Some common shapes of simple molecules include: Linear: In a linear model, atoms are connected in a straight line. The bond angles are set at 180°. For example, carbon dioxide and nitric oxide have a linear molecular shape.
For double bonded molecules, Cahn–Ingold–Prelog priority rules (CIP rules) are followed to determine the priority of substituents of the double bond. If both of the high priority groups are on the same side of the double bond ( cis configuration ), then the stereoisomer is assigned the configuration Z ( zusammen, German word meaning ...
For example, the double-bond carbons in alkenes like C 2 H 4 are AX 3 E 0, but the bond angles are not all exactly 120°. Likewise, SOCl 2 is AX 3 E 1, but because the X substituents are not identical, the X–A–X angles are not all equal. Based on the steric number and distribution of Xs and Es, VSEPR theory makes the predictions in the ...
Double bonds occur most commonly between two carbon atoms, for example in alkenes. Many double bonds exist between two different elements: for example, in a carbonyl group between a carbon atom and an oxygen atom. Other common double bonds are found in azo compounds (N=N), imines (C=N), and sulfoxides (S=O). In a skeletal formula, a double bond ...
Structural formula pentanoic acid: valeric acid valerianic acid butane-1-carboxylic acid: CH 3 (CH 2) 3 COOH 3-methylbutanoic acid: isovaleric acid isopentanoic acid delphinic acid β-methylbutiric acid 3-methylbutiric acid (CH 3) 2 CHCH 2 COOH 2-methylbutanoic acid: 2-methylbutiric acid: CH 3 CH 2 CH(CH 3)COOH 2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid ...
An α,β-unsaturated acid is a type of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound that consists of an alkene conjugated to a carboxylic acid. [3] The simplest example is acrylic acid ( CH 2 =CHCO 2 H ). These compounds are prone to polymerization, giving rise to the large area of polyacrylate plastics.