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A cross-section of a tire. Number 12 indicates the radial ply. Numbers 14 and 16 are bias plies. A radial tire (more properly, a radial-ply tire) is a particular design of vehicular tire. In this design, the cord plies are arranged at 90 degrees to the direction of travel, or radially (from the center of the tire).
Tire forces are divided into three axes: radial, lateral, and tangential (or fore-aft). The radial axis runs from the tire center toward the tread, and is the vertical axis running from the roadway through the tire center toward the vehicle. This axis supports the vehicle's weight. The lateral axis runs sideways across the tread.
Increased fuel efficiency and tire mileage overcame the higher price of radial construction. According to a 1976 study, more police departments used steel or fabric radial-ply tires than belted bias-ply and bias or cross-ply tires for their pursuit cars. [15] Goodyear Polyglas tires are now manufactured for owners of period cars. [16]
Bias-ply tires have been found to generate more camber thrust than radial tires. [3] Camber stiffness is a parameter used to describe the camber thrust generated by a tire, and it is influenced by inflation pressure and normal load. [ 3 ]
The body ply is a calendered [6] sheet consisting of one layer of rubber, one layer of reinforcing fabric, and a second layer of rubber. The earliest textile used was cotton; later materials include rayon, nylon, polyester, and Kevlar. Passenger tires typically have one or two body plies. Body plies give the tire structure strength.
Starting in 1972 tires were specified by load rating, using a letter code. In practice, a higher load rating tire was also a wider tire. In this system a tire had a letter, optionally followed by "R" for radial tires, followed by the aspect ratio, a dash and the diameter – C78-15 or CR78-15 for bias and radial, respectively. Each diameter of ...