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The side effects of cyproterone acetate (CPA), a steroidal antiandrogen and progestin, including its frequent and rare side effects, have been studied and characterized.It is generally well-tolerated and has a mild side-effect profile, regardless of dosage, when it used as a progestin or antiandrogen in combination with an estrogen such as ethinylestradiol or estradiol valerate in women.
Ethinylestradiol (EE) is an estrogen medication which is used widely in birth control pills in combination with progestins. [7] [8] In the past, EE was widely used for various indications such as the treatment of menopausal symptoms, gynecological disorders, and certain hormone-sensitive cancers.
Side effects of mestranol include nausea, breast tension, edema, and breakthrough bleeding among others. [10] It is an estrogen, or an agonist of the estrogen receptors, the biological target of estrogens like estradiol. [11] Mestranol is a prodrug of ethinylestradiol in the body. [11]
It contains estradiol cypionate (EC), an estrogen, and medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), a progestin. [2] It is recommended for short-term use and is given once a month by injection into a muscle. [3] Common side effects of EC/MPA include irregular menstrual periods which typically improves with time. [3]
Adverse effects can also occur in the urinary, central or peripheral nervous, or musculoskeletal systems. [35] A review of clinical trials studying bioidentical progesterone use found that it was ineffective in managing vasomotor symptoms of menopause, but had mild and self-limiting side effects. [36]
As a rule, feminization, a gynoid fat distribution, demasculinization, and impotence are said to occur in virtually or nearly 100% of men treated with high-dose estrogen therapy. [13] [26] Decreased sexual activity has also been reported in men treated with EMP. [1] These side effects are due to high estrogen levels and low testosterone levels.
Side effects of progestogens include menstrual irregularities, headaches, nausea, breast tenderness, mood changes, acne, increased hair growth, and changes in liver protein production among others. [1] [2] Other side effects of progestogens may include an increased risk of breast cancer, cardiovascular disease, and blood clots. [2]
Other side effects of estrogens include an increased risk of blood clots, cardiovascular disease, and, when combined with most progestogens, breast cancer. [1] In men, estrogens can cause breast development, feminization, infertility, low testosterone levels, and sexual dysfunction among others.