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Reports of medication-induced akathisia from chlorpromazine appeared in 1954. [a] Later in 1960 there were reports of akathisia in response to phenothiazines (a related drug). [1] Akathisia is classified as an extrapyramidal side effect along with other movement disorders that can be caused by antipsychotics. [1]
If akathisia occurs, switching to an antipsychotic with a lower risk of akathisia may improve symptoms. [13] Beta blockers (like propranolol) are frequently used to treat akathisia. Other medications that are sometimes used include clonidine, mirtazapine, or even benzodiazepines. Anticholinergic medications are not helpful for treating ...
Often the symptoms of tardive dyskinesia are not apparent until the individual comes off of the antipsychotic drugs; however, when tardive dyskinesia worsens, the signs become visible. [24] Other dopamine antagonists and antiemetics can cause tardive dyskinesia, such as metoclopramide and promethazine, used to treat gastrointestinal disorders.
Benzatropine , [2] known as benztropine in the United States and Japan, [3] is a medication used to treat movement disorders like parkinsonism and dystonia, as well as extrapyramidal side effects of antipsychotics, including akathisia. [4] It is not useful for tardive dyskinesia. [4] It is taken by mouth or by injection into a vein or muscle. [4]
In other cases, psychomotor agitation can be caused by antipsychotic medications. For instance, akathisia, a movement disorder sometimes induced by antipsychotics and other psychotropics, is estimated to affect 15-35% of patients with schizophrenia. [11] [12]
Brexpiprazole, sold under the brand name Rexulti among others, is an atypical antipsychotic medication used for the treatment of major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, and agitation associated with dementia due to Alzheimer's disease. [11] [13] [14] The most common side effects include akathisia (a constant urge to move) and weight gain. [12]
Pre-existing disorder or other causes typically do not improve, whereas symptoms of protracted withdrawal gradually improve over the ensuing months. [9] Symptoms may lack a psychological cause and can fluctuate in intensity with periods of good and bad days until eventual recovery. [65] [66]
Drug-induced parkinsonism, akathisia and acute dystonia; PD; Idiopathic or secondary dystonia; Overdose produces confusion, agitation and sleeplessness that can last up to or more than 24 hours. Pupils become dilated and unreactive to light. Tachycardia (fast heart beat), as well as auditory and visual hallucinations Scopolamine (L-Hyoscine) NS