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Although the Rydberg formula was developed to describe atomic energy levels, it has been used to describe many other systems that have electronic structure roughly similar to atomic hydrogen. [2] In general, at sufficiently high principal quantum numbers , an excited electron-ionic core system will have the general character of a hydrogenic ...
The prevailing model of atomic structure before Rutherford's experiments was devised by J. J. Thomson. [2]: 123 Thomson had discovered the electron through his work on cathode rays [3] and proposed that they existed within atoms, and an electric current is electrons hopping from one atom to an adjacent one in a series. There logically had to be ...
The number of electron pairs in the valence shell of a central atom is determined after drawing the Lewis structure of the molecule, and expanding it to show all bonding groups and lone pairs of electrons. [1]: 410–417 In VSEPR theory, a double bond or triple bond is treated as a single bonding group. [1]
In atomic physics and quantum chemistry, the electron configuration is the distribution of electrons of an atom or molecule (or other physical structure) in atomic or molecular orbitals. [1] For example, the electron configuration of the neon atom is 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 , meaning that the 1s, 2s, and 2p subshells are occupied by two, two, and six ...
The atomic nucleus is a quantum n-body system. The internal motion of nucleons within the nucleus is non-relativistic, and their behavior is governed by the Schrödinger equation. Nucleons are considered to be pointlike, without any internal structure.
A given atom has an atomic mass approximately equal (within 1%) to its mass number times the atomic mass unit (for example the mass of a nitrogen-14 is roughly 14 Da), but this number will not be exactly an integer except (by definition) in the case of carbon-12. [67] The heaviest stable atom is lead-208, [59] with a mass of 207.976 6521 Da. [68]
The term atomic physics can be associated with nuclear power and nuclear weapons, due to the synonymous use of atomic and nuclear in standard English. Physicists distinguish between atomic physics—which deals with the atom as a system consisting of a nucleus and electrons—and nuclear physics , which studies nuclear reactions and special ...
Each distinct atomic number therefore corresponds to a class of atom: these classes are called the chemical elements. [5] The chemical elements are what the periodic table classifies and organizes. Hydrogen is the element with atomic number 1; helium, atomic number 2; lithium, atomic number 3; and so on.