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Polynomial long division is an algorithm that implements the Euclidean division of polynomials, which starting from two polynomials A (the dividend) and B (the divisor) produces, if B is not zero, a quotient Q and a remainder R such that A = BQ + R, and either R = 0 or the degree of R is lower than the degree of B.
Ruffini's rule can be used when one needs the quotient of a polynomial P by a binomial of the form . (When one needs only the remainder, the polynomial remainder theorem provides a simpler method.) A typical example, where one needs the quotient, is the factorization of a polynomial p ( x ) {\displaystyle p(x)} for which one knows a root r :
The remainder is multiplied by 3 to get feet and carried up to the feet column. Long division of the feet gives 1 remainder 29 which is then multiplied by twelve to get 348 inches. Long division continues with the final remainder of 15 inches being shown on the result line.
The polynomial remainder theorem may be used to evaluate () by calculating the remainder, . Although polynomial long division is more difficult than evaluating the function itself, synthetic division is computationally easier. Thus, the function may be more "cheaply" evaluated using synthetic division and the polynomial remainder theorem.
Long division is the standard algorithm used for pen-and-paper division of multi-digit numbers expressed in decimal notation. It shifts gradually from the left to the right end of the dividend, subtracting the largest possible multiple of the divisor (at the digit level) at each stage; the multiples then become the digits of the quotient, and the final difference is then the remainder.
The theorem is a special case of the polynomial remainder theorem. [1] [2] The theorem results from basic properties of addition and multiplication. It follows that the theorem holds also when the coefficients and the element belong to any commutative ring, and not just a field.
In algebra, synthetic division is a method for manually performing Euclidean division of polynomials, with less writing and fewer calculations than long division. It is mostly taught for division by linear monic polynomials (known as Ruffini's rule ), but the method can be generalized to division by any polynomial .
The rings for which such a theorem exists are called Euclidean domains, but in this generality, uniqueness of the quotient and remainder is not guaranteed. [8] Polynomial division leads to a result known as the polynomial remainder theorem: If a polynomial f(x) is divided by x − k, the remainder is the constant r = f(k). [9] [10]