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Non-freezing cold injuries (NFCI) is a class of tissue damage caused by sustained exposure to low temperature without actual freezing. [1] There are several forms of NFCI, and the common names may refer to the circumstances in which they commonly occur or were first described, such as trench foot, which was named after its association with trench warfare.
Cold injury (or cold weather injury) is damage to the body from cold exposure, including hypothermia and several skin injuries. [6] Cold-related skin injuries are categorized into freezing and nonfreezing cold injuries. [5] Freezing cold injuries involve tissue damage when exposed to temperatures below freezing (less than 0 degrees Celsius).
The process of frostbite differs from the process of Non-freezing cold injury (NFCI). In NFCI, temperature in the tissue decreases gradually. This slower temperature decrease allows the body to try to compensate through alternating cycles of closing and opening blood vessels (vasoconstriction and vasodilation).
Complications may include skin breakdown or infection. [1] Trench foot occurs due to prolonged exposure of the feet to cold, damp, and often unsanitary conditions. [1] Unlike frostbite, trench foot usually occurs at temperatures above freezing, [1] and can be classed as a form of non-freezing cold injury. [3] Onset can be as rapid as 10 hours. [1]
Most injuries of this type only affect the epidermis, the outermost layer of skin. However, if contact with the aerosol is prolonged the skin will freeze further and deeper layers of tissue will be affected, causing a more serious burn that reaches the dermis, destroys nerves, and increases the risk of infection and scarring. [6]
Nonfreezing Cold Injuries (NFCI). Exposure of the extremities in water temperatures below 12 °C (53.6 °F). Hand and Foot Temperature Limits to avoid NFCI: [48] Fully Functional 18 °C (64.4 °F) Non Freezing Cold Injury Threshold < Week. 12 °C (54 °F) approximately 3 hours. 8 °C (46.4 °F) for maximum of 30 min.
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Immersion foot syndromes are a class of foot injury caused by water absorption in the outer layer of skin. [1] [2] There are different subclass names for this condition based on the temperature of the water to which the foot is exposed. These include trench foot, tropical immersion foot, and warm water immersion foot.