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This is a timeline of Scottish history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Scotland and its predecessor states. See also Timeline of prehistoric Scotland . To read about the background to many of these events, see History of Scotland .
The recorded history of Scotland begins with the arrival of the Roman Empire in the 1st century, when the province of Britannia reached as far north as the Antonine Wall. North of this was Caledonia , inhabited by the Picti , whose uprisings forced Rome's legions back to Hadrian's Wall .
This is a chronological list of the battles involving the Kingdom of Scotland, as well as battles involving Scotland in support of France as part of the "Auld Alliance" . The list gives the name, the date, the present-day location of the battles, the Scottish allies and enemies, and the result of these conflicts following this legend:
The wars were part of a great crisis for Scotland, and the period became one of the most defining times in its history. At the end of both wars, Scotland retained its status as an independent state. The wars were important for other reasons, such as the emergence of the longbow as a key weapon in medieval warfare.
Modern Scotland is half the size of England and Wales in area, but with its many inlets, islands and inland lochs, it has roughly the same amount of coastline at 4,000 miles. Only a fifth of Scotland is less than 60 metres above sea level. Its east Atlantic position means that it experiences heavy rainfall, especially in the west.
From the 5th century on, north Britain was divided into a series of petty kingdoms. Of these, the four most important were those of the Picts in the north-east, the Scots of Dál Riata in the west, the Britons of Strathclyde in the south-west and the Anglian kingdom of Bernicia (which united with Deira to form Northumbria in 653) in the south-east, stretching into modern northern England.
The national literature of Scotland created in the late medieval period employed legend and history in the service of the Crown and nationalism, helping to foster a sense of national identity at least within its elite audience. The epic poetic history of the Brus and Wallace helped outline a narrative of united struggle against the English enemy.
View of Arthur's Seat from Edinburgh Castle. This article is a timeline of the history of Edinburgh, Scotland, up to the present day.It traces its rise from an early hill fort and later royal residence to the bustling city and capital of Scotland that it is today.