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TEM of rat kidney tissue shows a protein dense tight junction (three dark lines) at ~55,000x magnification.. Tight junctions provide endothelial and epithelial cells with barrier function, which can be further subdivided into protective barriers and functional barriers serving purposes such as material transport and maintenance of osmotic balance.
Tight junction proteins (TJ proteins) are molecules situated at the tight junctions of epithelial, endothelial and myelinated cells. This multiprotein junctional complex has a regulatory function in passage of ions, water and solutes through the paracellular pathway.
Tight junctions represent one mode of cell-to-cell adhesion in epithelial or endothelial cell sheets, forming continuous seals around cells and serving as a physical barrier to prevent solutes and water from passing freely through the paracellular space.
JAM-1 was the first of the junctional adhesion molecules to be discovered, and is located in the tight junctions of both epithelial and endothelial cells. [8] JAM-1interacts with cells in a homophilic manner in order to preserve the structure of the junction while moderating its permeability.
Tight junction protein ZO-1 also known as Zonula Occludens-1 (ZO-1), is a 220-kD peripheral membrane protein that is encoded by the TJP1 gene in humans. [5] It belongs to the family of zonula occludens proteins (ZO-1, ZO-2, and ZO-3), which are tight junction -associated proteins and of which, ZO-1 is the first to be cloned.
The protein encoded by CLDN14 is an integral membrane protein and a component of tight junctions, one mode of cell-to-cell adhesion in epithelial or endothelial cell sheets. Tight junctions form continuous seals around cells and serve as a physical barrier to prevent solutes and water from passing freely through the paracellular space.
Gap junctions [5] (communicating junction) Tight junctions (occluding junctions) Invertebrates have several other types of specific junctions, for example septate junctions (a type of occluding junction) [4] or the C. elegans apical junction. In multicellular plants, the structural functions of cell junctions are instead provided for by cell walls.
Pericytes are responsible for tight junction formation and vesicle trafficking amongst endothelial cells. Furthermore, they allow the formation of the blood–brain barrier by inhibiting the effects of CNS immune cells (which can damage the formation of the barrier) and by reducing the expression of molecules that increase vascular permeability.