Search results
Results From The WOW.Com Content Network
The two most prevalent ions in seawater are chloride and sodium. Together, they make up around 85 per cent of all dissolved ions in the ocean. Magnesium and sulfate ions make up most of the rest. Salinity varies with temperature, evaporation, and precipitation. It is generally low at the equator and poles, and high at mid-latitudes. [12]
[3] [4] [5] Conversely, freshwater teleost ionocytes use this low intracellular environment to attain sodium and chloride ions into the organism, and also against the concentration gradient. [ 3 ] [ 5 ] In larval fishes with underdeveloped / developing gills, ionocytes can be found on the skin and fins.
Oceans are the largest source of chlorine in the Earth's hydrosphere. [2] In the hydrosphere, chlorine exists primarily as chloride due to the high solubility of the Cl − ion. [3] The majority of chlorine fluxes are within the hydrosphere due to chloride ions' solubility and reactivity within water systems. [2]
More recently, climate change has resulted in an increase of the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere; about 30–40% of the added CO 2 is absorbed by the oceans, forming carbonic acid and lowering the pH (now below 8.1 [34]) through a process called ocean acidification.
Under a typical future warming scenario, the global ocean is expected to undergo changes in nutrient availability, temperature, and irradiance. [94] These changes are likely to have profound effects on the physiology of phytoplankton, [ 95 ] [ 96 ] and observations show that competitive phytoplankton species can acclimate and adapt to changes ...
Global map of low and declining oxygen levels in coastal waters (mainly due to eutrophication) and in the open ocean (due to climate change). The map indicates coastal sites where oxygen levels have declined to less than 2 mg/L (red dots), as well as expanding ocean oxygen minimum zones at 300 metres (blue shaded regions). [27]
Another way to explain anoxic events is that the Earth releases a huge volume of carbon dioxide during an interval of intense volcanism; global temperatures rise due to the greenhouse effect; global weathering rates and fluvial nutrient flux increase; organic productivity in the oceans increases; organic-carbon burial in the oceans increases ...
A hypersaline lake is a landlocked body of water that contains significant concentrations of sodium chloride, brines, and other salts, with saline levels surpassing those of ocean water (3.5%, i.e. 35 grams per litre or 0.29 pounds per US gallon).